The Relationship Between Mother's Insecure Attachment Style and Child's Aggression with the Mediation of Maternal Caregiving Quality
Subject Areas : دلبستگی
Keywords: aggression, insecure attachment style, maternal caregiving quality,
Abstract :
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between mother's insecure attachment style and aggression of children aged 3 to 6 years with the maternal caregiving quality. The research employed a descriptive-correlational method utilizing a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The statistical population comprised all mothers of children aged 3 to 6 years attending preschool centers and kindergartens in Tehran during the 2018-2019 academic year. A sample of 290 mothers was selected. Data were collected using the following instruments: the Adult Attachment Questionnaire (Collins & Read, 1990), the Preschool and Kindergarten Behavioral Outcomes scale (Merle, 1994), and the Maternal Caregiving Quality Scale (Ghanbari, Khodapanahi, Mazaheri & Lavasni, 2012). The results showed that the proposed model achieved good model fit. The findings established a positive and significant direct relationship between the mother's insecure attachment style and the child's aggression. Furthermore, the analysis of indirect effects demonstrated that the quality of maternal care plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between the mother's insecure attachment style and child aggression. Given these findings and the established mediating role of maternal care quality, it can be concluded that the mother is foundational to the child’s sense of security and attachment. Consequently, considering the key role of the mother's attachment style in children's mental health, focusing on preventive programs that enhance maternal caregiving quality can effectively improve the parent-child relationship and ultimately reduce externalizing behaviors, including children's aggression.
References:
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Adam, E. K., Gunnar, M. R., & Tanaka, A. (2004). Adult attachment, parent emotional and observed parenting behavior: Mediator and moderator models. Child Development, 75(1), 110-122.
Amin-pour, M., Mam-Sharifi, M., & Ahmadzadeh, M. (2016). The relationship between attachment style and marital adjustment among young couples. World Science News, 29, 111-123. [In Persian].
Aslami, A., Melkzadeh, A., & Pirmoradian, N. (2023). Effectiveness of mothers' mindful parenting on emotional discipline, secure child-parent attachment and preschool children's aggression. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 19(75), 307-322. [In Persian].
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Bajnath, V., Harcourt, S., Spagna, S., & Derbaly, A. (2020). The effects of violent urban settings on neuropsychological outcomes: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 54(4), 101410.
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Ainsworth, M. D. S., Blehar, M. C., Waters, E., & Wall, S. (1978). Patterns of attachment: A psychological study of the strange situation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Altın, M., & Terzi, Ş. (2010). How does attachment styles relate to intimate relationship to aggravate the depressive symptoms? Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2(2), 1008-1015.
Adam, E. K., Gunnar, M. R., & Tanaka, A. (2004). Adult attachment, parent emotional and observed parenting behavior: Mediator and moderator models. Child Development, 75(1), 110-122.
Amin-pour, M., Mam-Sharifi, M., & Ahmadzadeh, M. (2016). The relationship between attachment style and marital adjustment among young couples. World Science News, 29, 111-123. [In Persian].
Aslami, A., Melkzadeh, A., & Pirmoradian, N. (2023). Effectiveness of mothers' mindful parenting on emotional discipline, secure child-parent attachment and preschool children's aggression. Journal of Developmental Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 19(75), 307-322. [In Persian].
Bakhshi, L., & Abdulahi, D. (2019). Factors affecting the aggression of preschool children. the third international conference on psychology, counseling, education and training, Mashhad.[In Persian].
Bajnath, V., Harcourt, S., Spagna, S., & Derbaly, A. (2020). The effects of violent urban settings on neuropsychological outcomes: A review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 54(4), 101410.
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Besharat, M. (2012). The role of intermediate mechanisms of defense mechanisms in the relationship between attachment styles and emotional collapse. Applied Psychology Quarterly, 1(21),7-22. [In Persian].
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Bowlby, J. (1982). Attachment and loss: retrospect and prospect. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 52(4), 664.
Carr, S. C., Hardy, A., & Fornells-Ambrojo, M. (2018). Relationship between attachment style and symptom severity across the psychosis spectrum: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 59, 145-158.
Cherniak, A. D., Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P. R., & Granqvist, P. (2021). Attachment theory and religion. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 126-130.
Collins, N. L., & Read, S. J. (1990). Adult attachment, working models, and relationship quality in dating couples. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58(4), 644-663.
Cooke, J. E., Racine, N., Plamondon, A., Tough, S., & Madigan, S. (2019). Maternal adverse childhood experiences, attachment style, and mental health: pathways of transmission to child behavior problems. Child Abuse & Neglect, 93, 27-37.
Cowan, P. A., Cowan, C. P., Pruett, M. K., & Pruett, K. (2019). Fathers’ and mothers’ attachment styles, couple conflict, parenting quality, and children’s behavior problems: An intervention test of mediation. Attachment & Human Development, 21(5), 532-550.
DeSantis, S., Falgares, G., & Kopala-Sibley, D. C. (2021). The relationship between attachment styles and internalizing/externalizing problems: The mediating role of self-criticism. Current Psychology, 40, 2355-2365.
Di-Gang, M. L., Malmberg, J., & Peacock, J. G. (2017). Emotional and behavioral problems in young children: Effective interventions in preschool and kindergarten. New York: Guilford Press.
Dagan, O., Schuengel, C., Verhage, M. L., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Sagi-Schwartz, A.,Madigan, S., Duschinsky, R., Roisman, G. I., Bernard, K., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M., Bureau, J.-F., Volling, B. L.,Wong, M. S., Colonnesi, C., Brown, G. L., Eiden, R. D., Fearon, R.M. P., Oosterman, M., Aviezer, O., & Cummings, E. M. (2022). Configurations of mother-child and fatherchild attachment as predictors of internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems: An individual participant data (IPD)meta-analysis. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development,180, 67–94
DeGangi, G. A. (2017). Pediatric disorders of regulation in affect and behavior: A therapist's guide to assessment and treatment. USA: Academic Press.
Dejko–Wańczyk, K., Janusz, B., & Józefik, B. (2020). Understanding the externalizing behavior of school-age boys: The role of a mother’s mentalization and attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 155-166.
Dittrich, K., Fuchs, A., Bermpohl, F., Meyer, J., Führer, D., Reichl, C., Reck, C., Kluczniok, D., Kaess, M., Hindi Attar, C., Möhler, E., Bierbaum, A-L., Zietlow, A-L., Jaite, Ch., Winter, S. M., Herpertz, S. C., Brunner, R., Bödeker, K., & Resch, F. (2018). Effects of maternal history of depression and early life maltreatment on children's health-related quality of life. Journal of Affective Disorders, 225, 280-288.
Farghdani, A., Shatrian Mohammadi, F., & Ziadbakhsh, M. (2015). Comparing the dimensions of temperament and aggression in children under education with Waldorf, Montessori and traditional educational models. Quarterly Journal of Excellence in Counseling and Psychotherapy, 5(17), 4-23. [In Persian].
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E. L., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. London: Routledge.
Ghanbari, S., Khodapanahi, M. K., Mazaheri, M. A., & Lavasani, M. G. (2012). Development and preliminary evaluation of the reliability and validation the maternal caregiving quality scale. Journal of Psychology, 12, 322-35. [In Persian].
Groh, A. M., Fearon, R. P., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment in the early life course: Meta‐analytic evidence for its role in socioemotional development. Child Development Perspectives, 11(1), 70-76.
Hatzis, D., Dawe, S., Harnett, P., & Barlow, J. (2017). Quality of caregiving in mothers with illicit substance use: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 11, 1178221817694038.
Healy, S. R., Valente, J. Y., Caetano, S. C., Martins, S. S., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2020). Worldwide school-based psychosocial interventions and their effect on aggression among elementary school children: A systematic review 2010–2019. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 55, 101486.
Heron, M. (2019). Deaths: Leading Causes for 2017. National Center for Health Statistics, 68(6), 1-77.
Jackson, D. B., & Vaughn, M. G. (2018). Maternal medical risks during pregnancy and childhood externalizing behavior. Social Science & Medicine, 207, 19-24.
Kerns, K. A., Aspelmeier, J. E., Gentzler, A. L., & Grabill, C. M. (2001). Parent–child attachment and monitoring in middle childhood. Journal of Family Psychology, 15(1), 69-81.
Khosravi, A. A., Human, H. A., & Shokri, A. (2010). Examining the practicality, validity and adaptability of behavioral problems scale for preschool children. Psychological Research, 2(7), 33-49. [In Persian].
Khosravi, M., & Kasaeiyan, R. (2020). The relationship between neuroticism and suicidal thoughts among medical students: Moderating role of attachment styles. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 9(6), 2680. [In Persian].
Landy, S., Smith, M., Swank, P., Assel, M., & Vellet, S. (2001). Maternal caregiving and its relation to maternal sensitivity and child outcomes. Infant Mental Health Journal, 22(3), 231-269.
Larose, S., Bernier, A., & Tarabulsy, G. M. (2005). Attachment state of mind, learning dispositions, and academic performance during the college transition. Developmental Psychology, 41, 281-289.
Letourneau, N., Dewey, D., Kaplan, B. J., Ntanda, H., Novick, J., Thomas, J. C., Deane, A. J., Leung, B., Pon, K., Giesbrecht, G. F., & APrON Study Team (2019). Intergenerational transmission of adverse childhood experiences via maternal depression and anxiety and moderation by child sex. Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, 10(1), 88-99.
Merrell, K. W. (1994). Preschool and Kindergarten Behavior Scales. Test Manual. Clinical Psychology Publishing Company.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment theory as a framework for the promotions of optimal relationships. In C. R. Knee & H. T. Reis (Eds.), Positive approaches to optimal relationship development. Advances in personal relationships (pp. 56–78). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mahmoudinia, S., Sepah Mansour, M., Emamipour, S., & Hosni, F. (2018). Comparison of the effectiveness of an alternative education program for aggression and a faith-building education program against stress on the impulsivity of adolescents. Social Psychology Research, 8(3), 1-18. [In Persian].
Makki, M., Tavoli, A., Zahraie, S., & Shahmoradi, S. (2023). The relationship between attachment and maternal caregiving quality with the mediating role of emotional flexibility. Empowering Exceptional Children, 14(3), 24-36. [In Persian].
Miller, N. V., Degnan, K. A., Hane, A. A., Fox, N. A., & Chronis‐Tuscano, A. (2019). Infant temperament reactivity and early maternal caregiving: Independent and interactive links to later childhood attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 60(1), 43-53.
Mirzaaghasi, R., Behbudi, M., & Fard, F. D. (2019). A comparative study on the predictive influence of family function and attachment style in foreseeing externalized behavioral problems in children. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 21(5), 296- 304.
Norholt, H. (2020). Revisiting the roots of attachment: A review of the biological and psychological effects of maternal skin-toskin contact and carrying of full-term infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 60 (101441), 1-19.
Nordahl, D., Rognmo, K., Bohne, A., Landsem, I. P., Moe, V., Wang, C. E. A., & Høifødt, R. S. (2020). Adult attachment style and maternal-infant bonding: the indirect path of parenting stress. BMC Psychology, 8, 1-11.
Nilsson, T., Falk, Ö., Billstedt, E., Kerekes, N., Anckarsäter, H., Wallinius, M., & Hofvander, B. (2016). Aggressive antisocial behaviors are related to character maturity in young Swedish violent offenders independent of ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7(185), 1- 12.
Olsson, C.M., Greenwood, C.J., Letcher, P., Tan, E., Opie, J.E., Booth, A. McIntosh, J., & Olsson, C.A. (2023) Adverse experiences in early intimate relationships and next generation infant–mother attachment: findings from the ATP Generation 3 Study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 44(4), 537–548
Pakdaman, Sh. (2001). Examining the relationship between attachment and sociability in youth. Ph.D. thesis. University of Tehran. [In Persian].
Pirnia, B., Soleimani, A., & Pirnia, K. (2017). Behavioral problems and psychological the treatments, effectiveness of treatment Interactive parent-child aggression in children, a trial Controlled RandomLy Introductory, Quarterly of Clinical Psychology Studies, 7(27), 47-69.
Qassami, M., Amiri, Sh., Kalantari, M., Talebi, H. (2019). The role of maternal factors in the formation of children's behavioral problems: Implications in parenting. Clinical Psychology and Personality, 18 (2), 36-21. [In Persian].
Ringer, J. M., Buchanan, E. E., Olesek, K., & Lysaker, P. H. (2014). Anxious and avoidant attachment styles and indicators of recovery in schizophrenia: Associations with self‐esteem and hope. Psychology and Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 87(2), 209-221.
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