Factor Structure, Reliability and Validity of the Revised Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Questionnaire: Children Form-The Persian Version

Subject Areas : روان‌سنجی

Tayebeh  Shahmoradifar ¹ (PhD Candidate in Psychology Tarbiat Modares University)
Hossein  Karsazi ² (PhD Candidate in Psychology University of Tehran)
Ali  Fathi Ashtiani, ³ (PhD BaghiatAllah University)

Received: 2020-01-20 Accepted : 2020-01-20 Published : 2019-12-22

Keywords: reliability, validity, behavioral inhibition system, behavioral approach system, Fight-Flight-Freeze System,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to provide Persian version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Questionnaire (Cooper, Stirling, Dawe, Pugnaghi, & Corr, 2017). in children and the factor structure, reliability and validity in Iranian children. The English version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Questionnaire was performed on 314 (135 boys and 179 girls) students from third to sixth grades of primary school at 2016-2017 in Tehran and the reliability of Persian version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Questionnaire in children was assessed via internal consistency and item-rest correlations. Factor structure of the scale was examined using exploratory factor analysis and principal component analysisextraction method and the validity of questionnaire was examined via correlation between the subscales and criterion validity. The exploratory factor analysis of the questionnaire supported the 3-factor model of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Questionnaire in children which explained 37.78% of the variance. The factors included Behavioral Inhibition System, Behavioral approach system and Fight-Flight-Freeze System. The results showed that 3 subscales of Persian version of the Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory Questionnaire in children had a good internal consistency and most of the correlations range more than 0.4 and only question 18 was deleted from the questionnaire due to factor load below 0.30%. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis also indicated a good fit of the items. In addition, the pattern of subscales correlation coefficients and Concurrent criterion validity of the questionnaire with the child version of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (Garnefski, Rieffe, Jellesma, Terwogt, & Kraaij, 2007)indicated a good validity of this scale. According to the results of this study, it can be said that the Persian version of the reinforcement sensitivity questionnaire of children has a good reliability and validity in Iranian society and is an appropriate tool for identifying children's basic motivational and emotional traits

References:

آزادفلاح، پ. (1379). ارتباط فعالیت نظام‌های مغزی/رفتاری و وقایع زندگی با تغییرات ایمنی‌شناختی در سطح ایمونوگلوبولین. پایان‌نامه دکتری تخصصی، رشته روان‌شناسی،دانشکده علوم انسانی دانشگاه تربیت مدرس تهران.

حسنی، ج.، صالحی، س. و رسولی‌آزاد، م. (1391). خصوصیات روان‎سنجی پرسشنامه پنج عاملی جکسون: مقیاس‎های نظریه تجدید‎نظر شده حساسیت به تقویت. پژوهش در سلامت روان‎شناختی، 6(3)، 73 -60.

مشهدی، ع.، حسنی، ج. و میردورقی، ف. (1391). بررسی ساختار عاملی، اعتبار و روایی نسخه‎فارسی پرسشنامهنظم‎جویی شناختی هیجان- فرم کودکان. مجله‎اصول بهداشت روانی، 14(3)،259 -246.

 

Bijttebier, P., Beck, I., Claes, L., & Vandereycken, W. (2009). Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory as a framework for research on personality-psychopathology associations. Clinical Psychology Review, 29, 421-430.

Bjornebekk, G. (2009). Psychometric properties of the scores on the behavioral inhibition and activation scales in a sample of Norwegian children. Educational and Psychological Measurement,69,636-645.

Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67,319-333.

Colder, C. R., Trucco, E. M., Lopez, H. I., Hawk Jr, L. W., Read, J. P., Liliana, J., Lengua, L. J., & et al. (2011). Revised reinforcement sensitivity theory and laboratory assessment of BIS and BAS in children. Journal of Research in Personality, 45, 198-207.

Cooper, A. J., Stirling, S., Dawe, S., Pugnaghi, G., & Corr, P. J. (2017). The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality in children: A new questionnaire, Personality and Individual Differences, 115, 65-69.

Corr, P. J. (2001). Testing problems in J. A. Gray's personality theory: A commentary on Matthews and Gilliland (1999). Personality and Individual Differences, 30(2), 333-352.

Corr, P. J. (2002). J. A. Gray's reinforcement sensitivity theory: Tests of the joint subsystems hypothesis of anxiety and impulsivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 33(4), 511-532.

Corr, P. J. (2004). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and personality. Neuroscience and Bio Behavioural Reviews,28,317-332.

Corr, P. J. (2008). Reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST): Introduction. In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality(pp.1-43). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Corr, P. J. (2016). Reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaires: Structural survey with recommendations. Personality and Individual Differences, 89, 60-64.

Corr, P. J., & Cooper, A. J. (2016). The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personalit questionnaire (RST-PQ): Development and validation. Psychological Assessment, 28(11), 1427-1440.

Corr, P. J., & McNaughton, N. (2012). Neuroscience and approach/ avoidance personality traits: A two stage (valuation-motivation) approach. Neuroscience and BioBehavioral Reviews, 36,2339-2354.

Depue, R. A., & Collins, P. F. (1999). Neurobiology of the structure of personality: dopamine,facilitation of incentive motivation, and extraversion [Review]. Behavioral & Brain Sciences, 22(3), 491-517.

Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. Sage.

Garnefski, N., Rieffe, C., Jellesma, F., Terwogt, M. M., & Kraaij ,V. (2007) Cognitive emotion regulation strategies and emotional problems in 9-11-year-old children: The development of an instrument. Europe Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 16,1-9.

Gray, J. A., & McNaughton, N. (2000). The neuropsychology of anxiety: An enquiry into the functions of the seep to-hippocampal system(2nd Ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Jackson, C. J. (2009). Jackson-5 scales of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory (r-RST) and their application to dysfunctional real world outcomes. Journal of Research in Personality, 43,556-569.

Kimbrel, N. A. (2008). A model of the development and maintenance of generalized social phobia. Clinical Psychology Review, 28,592-612.

Kimbrel, N. A., Nelson-Gray, R. O., & Mitchell, J. T. (2007). Reinforcement sensitivity and maternal style as predictors of psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences,42,1139-1149.

Markarian, S. A., Pickett, S. M. Deveson, D. F., & Kanona, B. B. (2013). A model of BIS/BAS sensitivity, emotion regulation difficulties, and depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms in relation to sleep quality. Psychiatry Research, 210, 281-286.

McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2004). A two-dimensional neuropsychology of defense: Fear/anxiety and defensive distance. Neuroscience and Bio Behavioral Reviews,28,285-305.

McNaughton, N., & Corr, P. J. (2008). The neuropsychology of fear and anxiety: A foundation for Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory.In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality (pp. 44-94). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Mitchell, J. T., & Nelson-Gray, R. O. (2006). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in adults: Relationships to Gray’s behavioral approach system. Personality and Individual Differences, 40,749-760.

Muris, P., Meesters, C., de Kanter, E., & Eek Timmerman, P. (2005). Behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation system scales for children: Relationships with Eysenck's personality traits and psychopathological symptoms. Personality and Individual Differences,38, 831-841.

Pickett, S. M., Lodis, C. S., Parkhill, M. R., & Orcutt, H. K. (2012). Personality and experiential avoidance: a model of anxiety sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 53,246-250.

Reuter, M., Cooper, A. J., Smillie, L. D., Markett, S., & Montag, C. (2015). A new measure for the revised reinforcement sensitivity theory: Psychometric criteria and genetic validation. Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 9, 38.

Smederevac, S., Mitrovic, D., Colovic, P., & Nikolasevic, Z. (2014). Validation of the measure of revised reinforcement sensitivity theory constructs. Journal of Individual Differences, 35, 12-21.

Smillie, L. D., Cooper, A. J., Wilt, J., & Revelle, W. (2012). Do extraverts get more bang for the buck? Refining the affective-reactivity hypothesis of extraversion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, 306-326.

Sylvers, P., Lilienfeld, S. O., & LaPrairie, J. L. (2011). Differences between trait fear and trait anxiety: Implications for psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 31, 122-137.

Tull, M. T., Gratz, K. L., Latzman, R. D., Kimbrel, N. A., & Lejuez, C. W. (2010). Reinforcement sensitivity theory and emotion regulation difficulties: a multimodal investigation. Personality and Individual Differences, 49,989-994.

Vervoort, L., Vandeweghe, L., Vandewalle, J., Van Durme, K., Vandevivere, E., Wante, L., & Braet, C. (2015). Measuring punishment and reward sensitivity in children and adolescents with a parent-report version of the BIS/BAS scales. Personality and Individual Differences,87,272-277.

Vervoort, L., Wolters, L. H., Hogendoorn, S. N., de Haan, E., Boer, F., & Prins, P. J. M. (2010). Sensitivity of Gray's behavioral inhibition system in clinically anxious and non-anxious children and adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences,48, 629-633.

Zinbarg, R. E., & Lira Yoon, K. (2008). RST and clinical disorders: Anxiety and depression. In P. J. Corr (Ed.), The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of personality (pp. 360-397). New York: Cambridge University Press.