Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Reducing Negative Strategies of Cognitive Emotion Regulation in Patients with Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

Fatemeh Alem Dianati ¹ (department Faculty Humanities Psycology, Tabriz branch, Isalamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran)
Naeimeh Moheb ² (استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد تبریز، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، تبریز، ایران)

Received: 2016-08-06 Accepted : 2017-11-05 Published : 2018-02-20

Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder, MBCT, strategies of cognitive emotion regulation,

Abstract :

This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on reducing the negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation. The research design is quasi-experimental of pre-test and post-test type with control group. The statistical population of the present study involved all patients referring to psychiatry clinics of Tabriz who had received obsessive-compulsive disorder diagnosis. From statistical population 30 patients were selected using purposeful sampling method, and placed at control and experimental groups. The Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (CERQ) (Garnefski, Kraaij & Spinhoven, 2002) was employed in both groups before and after attending eight sessions of MBCT. The data were analyzed conducing MANCOVA. The results showed that MBCT affects negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation. Based on the results, it can be concluded that MBCT decreases negative strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (blaming others, catastrophizing and rumination).

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Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.

Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). On the non-conscious of emotion regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 429-445). New York: Guilford Press.

Beirami, M., & Abdi, R. (2008). Part of the influence of arts education based on the mind awareness in reducing studentsʼ test anxiety. Journal of Educational science, (2)6, 35-54 [In Persian].

Bohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2010). The effects of mindfulness- based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis Journal Psychosom Res, 68, 539-544.

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Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation,(pp. 542– 559). New York: Guilford Press.

Cardaciotto L. A. (2005). Assessing mindfulness: the development of a bi-dimensional measure of awareness and acceptance. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of Drexel, USA.

Carlson, L. E., Speca, m., Patel, K. D., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness based stress reduction in relation to quality of life mood, symptoms of stress and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatics medicine, 65, 571-581.

Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317-333.

Diamond, L. M., & Aspinwall, L. G. (2003). Emotion regulation across the lifespan: An integrative perspective emphasizing self-regulation, positive affect, and dyadic processes. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 125- 156.

Garnefski, N. Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8),131-1327.

Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: a comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1659-1669.

Garnefski, N., Baan, S., & Kraaij, V. (2003). Relationships between cognitive strategies of adolescents and depressive symptomatology across different types of life event. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 401- 408.

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. (2002) CERQ: Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Datec, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.

Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion   regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10, 83-91.

Goldman, R., Greenberg, L., & Angus, L. (2005). The effects of adding specific emotion-focused interventions to the therapeutic relationship in the treatment of depression Psychotherapy Research, 16, 537-549.

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26,41-54.

Gross, J.J., & Munoz, R.F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health Clinical. Psychology: Science & Practice, 2(2), 151–64.

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 191-281.

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative   review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.

John, O. P., & Gross, J.J. (2004) Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development. Journal of Personality, 72, 1301-1334.

Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A.O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L.G., Fletcher, K.E., Pbert, L., enderking, W. R., & Santorelli, SF. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 149, 936-943.

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Kaviani, H., Javaheri, F., & Bahirayi, H. (2005). Efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on decreasing negative thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes depression and anxiety: 60-day follow-up. Journal of Cognitive Science, 1, 49-95 [In Persian].

Khosravi, M., Mehrabi, H., & Azizi-Moghadam M. A. (2008). comparative study of obsessiv rumination component on obsessive-compulsive and depressive patients. Journal of Semnan    University of Medical Sciences, 10(1),65-70 [In Persian].

Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., Wilde, E. J., Dijkstra, A., Gebhardt, W., Maes, S., & T, Doest, L. (2003). Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: Bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 185-193.

Kraaij, V., Pruymboom, E., & Garnefski, N. (2002). Cognitive coping and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A longitudinal study. Aging Mental Health, 4(6), 275-81.

McLaughlin, K. A., Mennin, D. S., & Farach, F. G. (2007). The contributory role of worry in emotion generation and dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1735–1752.

Mennin, D., Holaway, R., Fresco, D., Moore, M., & Heimberg, R. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dyes regulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284–302

Mennin, D. S., & Farach, F. J. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 329-352.

Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, May, 9(5), 242-249.

Rachman, S. (2007). A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 625-639.

Ro, ttenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 627-639.

Rygh, J. L., & Sanderson, W. C. (2004). Treating generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence based strategies, tools and techniques. New York: Guilford Press.

Segal, Z. V., Williams, M. G., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Talee-Baktash, S., Yaghoubi, H., & Yousefi, R. (2014) 2013.Comparing the early maladaptive schemas   and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and healthy people. Feyz Scientific-Research Bimountly Journal, l (17), 471-481 [In Persian].

Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25–39.

Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Biological and behavior aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3), 25- (Serial no. 240) [In Persian].

Vahedi, Sh., Hashemi, T., & Einipuor, J. (2013). Investigation the relationship among emotional control, cognitive emotional regulation and obsessive beliefs in high school female students of Rasht. Advances in Cognitive Science,15, 2(58),63-71 [In Persian].

Zare, H., & Solgui, Z. (2012). Investigating the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies with depression, anxiety and stress among students. Journal of Psychological Health, 4, (3), 29-19 [In Persian].

Abdi, S., Babapoor, J., & Fathi, H. (2011), The relationship between Cognitive Emotion Regulation Styles and General Health among University Students. Ann Mil Health Sci Res, 8(4), 258-264 [In Persian].

Aldao, A., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Schweizer, S. (2010). Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 30, 217-237.

Averett, C., & Heise, D. (1987). Modified social identities: Amalgamations, attributions and emotions. Journal of Mathematical Sociology, 13,103–132.

Azargoon. H., Kajbaf, M., Maulavi, H., & Abedi, M. R. (2006). The effectiveness of mindfulnes training on Rumination and Depression of University Students. Journal of Behavior,16(34), 13-21 [In Persian].

Baer, R. A., Smith, G. T., Hopkins, J., Krietemeyer, J., & Toney, L. (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness. Assessment, 13, 27-45.

Bargh, J. A., & Williams, L. E. (2007). On the non-conscious of emotion regulation. In J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 429-445). New York: Guilford Press.

Beirami, M., & Abdi, R. (2008). Part of the influence of arts education based on the mind awareness in reducing studentsʼ test anxiety. Journal of Educational science, (2)6, 35-54 [In Persian].

Bohlmeijer, E., Prenger, R., Taal, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2010). The effects of mindfulness- based stress reduction therapy on mental health of adults with a chronic medical disease: A meta-analysis Journal Psychosom Res, 68, 539-544.

Brackett, M. A., & Salovey, P. (2004). Measuring emotional intelligence as amental ability with the Mayer–Salovey–Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test. In G. Geher (Ed.), Measurement of emotional intelligence, (pp. 179-194).

Campbell-Sills, L., & Barlow, D. H. (2007). Incorporating emotion regulation (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation,(pp. 542– 559). New York: Guilford Press.

Cardaciotto L. A. (2005). Assessing mindfulness: the development of a bi-dimensional measure of awareness and acceptance. [Unpublished Doctoral dissertation]. University of Drexel, USA.

Carlson, L. E., Speca, m., Patel, K. D., & Goodey, E. (2003). Mindfulness based stress reduction in relation to quality of life mood, symptoms of stress and immune parameters in breast and prostate cancer outpatients. Psychosomatics medicine, 65, 571-581.

Cole, P. M., Martin, S. E., & Dennis, T. A. (2004). Emotion regulation as a scientific construct: Methodological challenges and directions for child development research. Child Development, 75, 317-333.

Diamond, L. M., & Aspinwall, L. G. (2003). Emotion regulation across the lifespan: An integrative perspective emphasizing self-regulation, positive affect, and dyadic processes. Motivation and Emotion, 27, 125- 156.

Garnefski, N. Kraaij, V., & Spinhoven, P. (2002). Negative life events, cognitive emotion regulation, and emotional problems. Personality and Individual Differences, 30(8),131-1327.

Garnefski, N., & Kraaij, V. (2006). Relationships between cognitive emotion regulation strategies and depressive symptoms: a comparative study of five specific samples. Personality and Individual Differences, 40, 1659-1669.

Garnefski, N., Baan, S., & Kraaij, V. (2003). Relationships between cognitive strategies of adolescents and depressive symptomatology across different types of life event. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 401- 408.

Garnefski, N., Kraaij, V. & Spinhoven, P. (2002) CERQ: Manual for the use of the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire. Datec, Leiderdorp, The Netherlands.

Goldin, P. R., & Gross, J. J. (2010). Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction (MBSR) on emotion   regulation in social anxiety disorder. Emotion, 10, 83-91.

Goldman, R., Greenberg, L., & Angus, L. (2005). The effects of adding specific emotion-focused interventions to the therapeutic relationship in the treatment of depression Psychotherapy Research, 16, 537-549.

Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26,41-54.

Gross, J.J., & Munoz, R.F. (1995). Emotion regulation and mental health Clinical. Psychology: Science & Practice, 2(2), 151–64.

Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39, 191-281.

Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative   review. Review of General Psychology, 2, 271-299.

John, O. P., & Gross, J.J. (2004) Healthy and unhealthy emotion regulation Personality processes, individual differences, and lifespan development. Journal of Personality, 72, 1301-1334.

Kabat-Zinn, J., Massion, A.O., Kristeller, J., Peterson, L.G., Fletcher, K.E., Pbert, L., enderking, W. R., & Santorelli, SF. (1992). Effectiveness of a meditation based stress reduction program in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry, 149, 936-943.

Kaplan, H. I., Sadock, V. A., & Sadock, B. J. (2007). Synopsis of Psychiatry: Behavioral Sciences/clinical Psychiatry. Williams and Wilkins Co.

Kaviani, H., Javaheri, F., & Bahirayi, H. (2005). Efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on decreasing negative thoughts, dysfunctional attitudes depression and anxiety: 60-day follow-up. Journal of Cognitive Science, 1, 49-95 [In Persian].

Khosravi, M., Mehrabi, H., & Azizi-Moghadam M. A. (2008). comparative study of obsessiv rumination component on obsessive-compulsive and depressive patients. Journal of Semnan    University of Medical Sciences, 10(1),65-70 [In Persian].

Kraaij, V., Garnefski, N., Wilde, E. J., Dijkstra, A., Gebhardt, W., Maes, S., & T, Doest, L. (2003). Negative life events and depressive symptoms in late adolescence: Bonding and cognitive coping as vulnerability factors? Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 32, 185-193.

Kraaij, V., Pruymboom, E., & Garnefski, N. (2002). Cognitive coping and depressive symptoms in the elderly: A longitudinal study. Aging Mental Health, 4(6), 275-81.

McLaughlin, K. A., Mennin, D. S., & Farach, F. G. (2007). The contributory role of worry in emotion generation and dysregulation in generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45, 1735–1752.

Mennin, D., Holaway, R., Fresco, D., Moore, M., & Heimberg, R. (2007). Delineating components of emotion and its dyes regulation in anxiety and mood psychopathology. Behavior Therapy, 38, 284–302

Mennin, D. S., & Farach, F. J. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14, 329-352.

Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2005). The cognitive control of emotion. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, May, 9(5), 242-249.

Rachman, S. (2007). A cognitive theory of compulsive checking. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 625-639.

Ro, ttenberg, J., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2005). Emotion context insensitivity in major depressive disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114, 627-639.

Rygh, J. L., & Sanderson, W. C. (2004). Treating generalized anxiety disorder: Evidence based strategies, tools and techniques. New York: Guilford Press.

Segal, Z. V., Williams, M. G., & Teasdale, J. (2002). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for depression. New York: Guilford Press.

Talee-Baktash, S., Yaghoubi, H., & Yousefi, R. (2014) 2013.Comparing the early maladaptive schemas   and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in obsessive-compulsive disorder patients and healthy people. Feyz Scientific-Research Bimountly Journal, l (17), 471-481 [In Persian].

Teasdale, J. D., Segal, Z., & Williams J. M. G. (1995). How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behavior Research and Therapy, 33, 25–39.

Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In N. A. Fox (Ed.), The development of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Biological and behavior aspects. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3), 25- (Serial no. 240) [In Persian].

Vahedi, Sh., Hashemi, T., & Einipuor, J. (2013). Investigation the relationship among emotional control, cognitive emotional regulation and obsessive beliefs in high school female students of Rasht. Advances in Cognitive Science,15, 2(58),63-71 [In Persian].

Zare, H., & Solgui, Z. (2012). Investigating the relationship between cognitive emotion regulation strategies with depression, anxiety and stress among students. Journal of Psychological Health, 4, (3), 29-19 [In Persian].