Effectiveness of Problem Solving Training on Dysfunctional Attitudes and Irrational Beliefs of Third Grade-High School Students in Sanandaj
Subject Areas : Educational PsychologyHassan Garibi 1 , Sara Javanmardi 2 , Changiz Rostami 3
1 - استادیار دانشگاه پیام نور
2 - کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی عمومی - کارمند دانشگاه پیام
3 - کارشناسی ارشد روانشناسی بالینی- کارمند دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان
Keywords: high school students, problem solving skills, Irrational beliefs, dysfunctional attitudes, third-grade,
Abstract :
The current study was designed to determine the effectiveness of problem solving training on dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs of third grade-high school students. This research, in terms of purpose, is an applied inquiry and in terms of implementation is quasi-experimental with pre-post test that was executed among high school female students in Sanandaj in 2015. The sampling method was based on random multi-phase clustering. The sample included in two the experimental and control groups randomly selected, each containing 15 people. After selecting the participants and assigning them to the experimental and control groups, the researcher did not provide the control group with any training but the experimental group received 10 one-hour problem solving training sessions based on Hepner and Peterson problem solving skills. In order to collect the data, the irrational beliefs Questionnaire of Jones, and Wisemanʼs Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale have been used. At the end of the experiment, the post test was performed in the experimental and control groups. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics such as the mean and standard deviation and inferential statistics such as ANCOVA and MANCOVA were used. The results indicated that problem solving skills training affect the dysfunctional attitudes and irrational beliefs, such that the attitudes and irrational beliefs decreased as the problem solving skills improved. Also, the covariance analysis results indicated that by eliminating the effectss of the scores of the subgroups of irrational beliefs in the pre-test as a covariate variable, the main effect of training on the scores of irrational beliefs in all dimensions in the post-test is significant
اتکینسون، ریتا ال.؛ ریچارد، س. و هیلگارد، ارنست، ر. (1390) زمینه روانشناسی هیلگارد، جلد دوم، ترجمه محمدنقی براهنی و همکاران، تهران، انتشارات رشد.
باباپورخیرالدین، جلیل (1381). بررسی رابطه بین شیوه حل مسأله، شیوه تعارض و سلامت روانشناختی در میان دانشجویان، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه تهران.
بذل، معصومه (1383). بررسی ارتباط مهارت حل مسأله و میزان سازگاری دانش‌آموزان دختر و پسر پایه دوم مقطع دبیرستانی در شمال و جنوب تهران، پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه الزهرا، دانشکده روانشناسی و علوم تربیتی.
البرزکوه، پگاه (1390). مقایسه باورهای منطقی و غیرمنطقی با نگرش‌های کارآمد و ناکارآمد معلمان کودکان استثنایی شهر تهران. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد تهران مرکزی.
تقی‌پور، م. (1377). باورهای غیرمنطقی و آشفتگی‌های روانی، بهداشت روان، 2(12).
ذوالفقاری مطلق، مصطفی (1377). بررسی اثربخشی درمان منطقی هیجانی بر افسردگی و روابط بین فردی نامتعادل ناشی از تعارض زناشویی (مطالعه تک موردی). پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد، روانشناسی بالینی، انستیتو روانپزشکی تهران.
ربیعی، مهدی؛ مولوی، حسین؛ کلانتری، مهرداد و عظیمی، حسین (1388). رابطه بین نگرش‌های ناکارآمد و راهبردی مقابله‌ای با سلامت روانی، رویکردهای نوین آموزشی، 4(2) 27-38.
زارعی‌دوست، الهام؛ عاطف‌وحید، کاظم؛ بین‌زاده، اکبر و بیرشک، بهروز (1386). مقایسه منبع کنترل، شیوه‌های مقابله و باورهای غیرمنطقی در زنان عادی و روسپی شهر تهران، مجله روانپزشکی و روانشناسی بالینی ایران (اندیشه و رفتار)، 13(3)، 272-279.
زرب، ژانت (2003). روش‌های ارزیابی و درمان شناختی رفتاری نوجوانان. ترجمه، غلامعلی افروز و سیدکامران علوی، تهران: مؤسسه انتشارات و چاپ دانشگاه تهران.
زنوزیان، سعیده؛ غرایی، بنفشه و یکه‌یزدان‌دوست، رخساره (1389). اثربخشی آموزش حل مسأله در تغییر راهبردهای مقابله‌ای دانشجویان، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های روانشناختی دانشگاه تبریز، 5 (20)، 83-101.
سنجابی‌سبزعلی، بتول (1384). آشنایی با برنامه‌های آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی، رشد آموزش علوم اجتماعی، شماره 28، پاییز.
سهرابی، فرامرز؛ اعظمی، یوسف و دوستیان، یونس (1393). مقایسه طرح‌واره‌های ناسازگار اولیه و نگرش‌های ناکارآمد در افراد وابسته به مواد و افراد عادی، فصلنامه پژوهش‌های کاربردی روانشناختی، 5(1)، 59-72.
شفیع‌آبادی، ع. و ناصری، غ.ر. (1365). نظریه‌های مشاوره و روان درمانی، تهران، مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
کاظمیان‌مقدم، کبری و کریمی‌کهکی، غلامحسین (1389). بررسی رابطه باورهای غیرمنطقی الیس و پرخاشگری دانش‌آموزان دختر پایه سوم مقطع راهنمایی بهبهان، روانشناسی و دین، 3(11) 107-128.
لاکانی، مژگان؛ باقرشاهی، زهرا؛ محمدزاده، زینب؛ محمدی، کبری و ابوالقاسمی، مهیار (1385). آموزش مهارت‌های زندگی، معاونت آموزشی و پژوهشی اداره آموزش.
لطفی‌کاشانی، فرح (1387). تأثیر مشاوره گروهی مبتنی بر رویکرد رفتاری-شناختی در کاهش نگرش‌های ناکارآمد. مجله اندیشه و رفتار، 2(8)، 67-78.
لیندزی و پاول (1377). اصول روانشناسی بالینی بزرگسالان، ترجمه هامایاک آوادیسیانس و محمدرضا نیکخو، جلد اول، تهران، انتشارات بیکران.
هاوتون، کرک و سالکووس‌کیس، کلارک (1386). رفتار درمانی شناختی: راهنمای کاربردی در درمان اختلال‌های روانی، ترجمه حبیب‌ا... قاسم‌زاده، تهران، انتشارات ارجمند.
Alborz-Kuh, P. (2012). Comparison of rational and irrational beliefs and attitudes of efficient and inefficient teachers of exceptional children in Tehran. (Unpublished master's thesis). Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch [In Persian].
Atkinson, Rita L., Atkinson, Richard S., & Hylgard, Ernest R. (2012). Hylgard psychology, Volume II, [M. N., Baraheni, et al., Trans.]. Tehran: Roshd Publisher [In Persian].
Babapour-Khairuddin, J. (2003). Examines the relationship between problem solving, conflict resolution styles and psychological health among students. (Unpublished master's thesis). Tehran University [In Persian].
Bazl, M. (2005). The relationship between problem-solving skills and the male and female studentsʼ coping in second grade high schools in the north and south of Tehran. (Unpublished master's thesis).University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences [In Persian].
Beck, A. (2005). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
DiLorenzo, T., David, D., & Montgomery, GH. (2007). the interrelations between irrational cognitive processes and distress in stressful academic settings. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(2), 765-776.
Ellis, A. (2001).Humanistic psychotherapy: The rational-emotive approach. Three Rivers Press.
Ellis, A. (2004). How may therapy and Practice of psychotherapy has influenced and changed other psychotherapies. Journal of RationalEmotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 22, (2), 79- 83.
Ellis, A. (2009). Rational- emotive treatment of simple phobias. Psychoterapy, 28, 452- 456.
Ellis, A. (2002). The role of irrational belifs in perfectionism. In G. L. Flett & P. C. Hewitt (Eds), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ellis, A. (2006). Why rational. Emotive behavior therapy is the most comprehensive and effective from of behavior therapy. Journal of Rational Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 22 (2), 85- 92.
Ellis, A., & Dryden, w. (1996). The practice of rational emotive behavior therapy. New York: Springer.
Fives, Ch. J., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & Digiuseppe, R. (2011). Anger, Aggression, and Irrational Beliefs in Adolescents. Cognitive Theropy and Ressearch, 35, 199–208.
Flouri, K., Eirini, J., Panourgia, T., & Constantina, A. (2012). The Role of Nonverbal Cognitive Ability on the Association of Adverse Life Events With Dysfunctional Attitudes and Hopelessness in Adolescence, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 26(5), 411–419.
Goldfryd, M., & Dydeson, J. (2011) Clinical therapy, [S. A. Ahmdi, Trans.]. Nshr Danshgahy Publication.
Harvey, K., Burns, T., Fahey, T., Manley, C., & Tattan, T. (2001). Relatives of patients with severe psychotic illness: Factors that influence appraisal of care giving and psychological distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 456-461.
Houghton, K., & Salkvvs-Case, C. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy: A Practical Guide for the treatment of mental disorders, [H. Ghasemzadeh, Trans.]. Tehran: Arjomand [In Persian].
Kazemiyan-Moghaddam, K., & Karimi Kahky, G. H. (2011). Study of Ellisʼ Irrational Beliefs and Aggression in the third-grade secondary school female students in behbahan. Psychology and Religion, 3 (11), 107-128 [In Persian].
Kordacová J. (2010). [Irrational beliefs and mental health]. Ceska a slovenska psychiatrie/Ceska lekarska spolecnost. JE Purkyne, 92(2),75-82.
Lazarus, R. S. ( 2000) Evolution of a model of stress, coping, and discrete emotions. In V. H. Rice (2000), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice (pp. 195-222). Thovsand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Leblanc, M., Self-Brown, Sh., Shepard, D., & Kelley, M. L. (2011). Buffering the Effects of Violence: Communication and problem-solving skills as protective factors for adolescents exposed to violence. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(3), 353–367.
Lindsay, P., & Paul. H. (1999). Principles of Adult Clinical Psychology. [H. Avadesiance & M. R. Nikkhoo, Trans.]. Tehran: Bekaran Publication [In Persian].
Lacani, M., Baqrshahy, Z., Mohammadzadeh Z., Mohammadi K., & Abolqasemi, M. (2007). Teaching life skills. Education Administration [In Persian].
Lotfi-Kashani, F. (2009). The effect of group counseling based on behavioral-cognitive approach on reducing inefficient attitudes. Journal of Thougth and Behavior, 2(8) 67-78 [In Persian].
Marcotte, D. (2012). Irrational beliefs and depression in adolescence. Adolescence, 31, 935– 954.
Malouff J. M., Thorsteinsson E.B., & Schutte N. S. (2007). The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(1), 46-57.
Rabiee, M., Maulavi, H., Kalantare, M., & Azemi, H. (2010). The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies with mental health. New Educational Approaches, 4 (2), 27-38 [In Persian].
Sanjani Sabzali, B. (2006). An introduction to life skills training programs, Development of Education in the Social Sciences, 28 [In Persian].
Shafiaabadi, A., & Naseri, G. R. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Tehran: Center of Academic Publication [In Persian].
Sohrabi, F., Azami, Y., & Doostian, Y. (2015). Early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes in addicted patients patients and normal individuals. Applied Research Quarterly, 5 (1), 59-72 [In Persian].
Taghi-pour, M. (1999). Irrational Beliefs and mental disorders. Mental Health, 3(12).
Tellado, G. S. (2003). An evaluation case: the implemetion and evaluation of problem solving training program for adolescents. Evaluation and program planning, 7(2), 179-188.
Thomas, J., & Altareb, B. (2012). Cognitive Vulnerability To Depression: An Exploration Of Dysfunctional Attitudes And Ruminative Response Styles In The United Arab Emirates, Psychology And Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85, 117–121.
Vandervoort, D. J. (2006) Hostility and health: Mediating effects of belief systems and coping styles. Current Psychology. 25(1), 50-66.
Zarb, J. M. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral assessment and therapy with adolescents. [G. Afrouz & S. K. Alavi, Trans.]. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University[In Persian].
Znozyan S., Gharaei B., & Yazdandoust, R. (2011) the effect of problem solving on studentsʼ coping strategies. Journal of Psychology, University of Tabriz, 5 (20) 83-101 [In Persian].
Zolfaghari-Motlagh, M. (1999). The effect of rational-emotional treatment on depression and unbalanced interpersonal relationship caused by marital conflict (a case study). (Unpublished master's thesis in clinical psychology). Tehran Psychiatric Institute [In Persian].
Zareidoust, E., Atefvahid, K., Bayanzadeh, A., & Birashk, B. (2008). Comparison of Locus of Control, Coping and irrational beliefs in normal women and prostitutes in Tehran. Tehran: Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, (3), 279-272 [In Persian].
_||_Alborz-Kuh, P. (2012). Comparison of rational and irrational beliefs and attitudes of efficient and inefficient teachers of exceptional children in Tehran. (Unpublished master's thesis). Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch [In Persian].
Atkinson, Rita L., Atkinson, Richard S., & Hylgard, Ernest R. (2012). Hylgard psychology, Volume II, [M. N., Baraheni, et al., Trans.]. Tehran: Roshd Publisher [In Persian].
Babapour-Khairuddin, J. (2003). Examines the relationship between problem solving, conflict resolution styles and psychological health among students. (Unpublished master's thesis). Tehran University [In Persian].
Bazl, M. (2005). The relationship between problem-solving skills and the male and female studentsʼ coping in second grade high schools in the north and south of Tehran. (Unpublished master's thesis).University, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences [In Persian].
Beck, A. (2005). Cognitive therapy and the emotional disorders. New York: International Universities Press.
DiLorenzo, T., David, D., & Montgomery, GH. (2007). the interrelations between irrational cognitive processes and distress in stressful academic settings. Personality and Individual Differences, 42(2), 765-776.
Ellis, A. (2001).Humanistic psychotherapy: The rational-emotive approach. Three Rivers Press.
Ellis, A. (2004). How may therapy and Practice of psychotherapy has influenced and changed other psychotherapies. Journal of RationalEmotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 22, (2), 79- 83.
Ellis, A. (2009). Rational- emotive treatment of simple phobias. Psychoterapy, 28, 452- 456.
Ellis, A. (2002). The role of irrational belifs in perfectionism. In G. L. Flett & P. C. Hewitt (Eds), Perfectionism: Theory, research, and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Ellis, A. (2006). Why rational. Emotive behavior therapy is the most comprehensive and effective from of behavior therapy. Journal of Rational Emotive & Cognitive Behavior Therapy, 22 (2), 85- 92.
Ellis, A., & Dryden, w. (1996). The practice of rational emotive behavior therapy. New York: Springer.
Fives, Ch. J., Kong, G., Fuller, J. R., & Digiuseppe, R. (2011). Anger, Aggression, and Irrational Beliefs in Adolescents. Cognitive Theropy and Ressearch, 35, 199–208.
Flouri, K., Eirini, J., Panourgia, T., & Constantina, A. (2012). The Role of Nonverbal Cognitive Ability on the Association of Adverse Life Events With Dysfunctional Attitudes and Hopelessness in Adolescence, Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 26(5), 411–419.
Goldfryd, M., & Dydeson, J. (2011) Clinical therapy, [S. A. Ahmdi, Trans.]. Nshr Danshgahy Publication.
Harvey, K., Burns, T., Fahey, T., Manley, C., & Tattan, T. (2001). Relatives of patients with severe psychotic illness: Factors that influence appraisal of care giving and psychological distress. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 456-461.
Houghton, K., & Salkvvs-Case, C. (2007). Cognitive behavior therapy: A Practical Guide for the treatment of mental disorders, [H. Ghasemzadeh, Trans.]. Tehran: Arjomand [In Persian].
Kazemiyan-Moghaddam, K., & Karimi Kahky, G. H. (2011). Study of Ellisʼ Irrational Beliefs and Aggression in the third-grade secondary school female students in behbahan. Psychology and Religion, 3 (11), 107-128 [In Persian].
Kordacová J. (2010). [Irrational beliefs and mental health]. Ceska a slovenska psychiatrie/Ceska lekarska spolecnost. JE Purkyne, 92(2),75-82.
Lazarus, R. S. ( 2000) Evolution of a model of stress, coping, and discrete emotions. In V. H. Rice (2000), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implications for nursing research, theory, and practice (pp. 195-222). Thovsand Oaks, Calif: Sage Publications.
Leblanc, M., Self-Brown, Sh., Shepard, D., & Kelley, M. L. (2011). Buffering the Effects of Violence: Communication and problem-solving skills as protective factors for adolescents exposed to violence. Journal of Community Psychology, 39(3), 353–367.
Lindsay, P., & Paul. H. (1999). Principles of Adult Clinical Psychology. [H. Avadesiance & M. R. Nikkhoo, Trans.]. Tehran: Bekaran Publication [In Persian].
Lacani, M., Baqrshahy, Z., Mohammadzadeh Z., Mohammadi K., & Abolqasemi, M. (2007). Teaching life skills. Education Administration [In Persian].
Lotfi-Kashani, F. (2009). The effect of group counseling based on behavioral-cognitive approach on reducing inefficient attitudes. Journal of Thougth and Behavior, 2(8) 67-78 [In Persian].
Marcotte, D. (2012). Irrational beliefs and depression in adolescence. Adolescence, 31, 935– 954.
Malouff J. M., Thorsteinsson E.B., & Schutte N. S. (2007). The efficacy of problem solving therapy in reducing mental and physical health problems: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 27(1), 46-57.
Rabiee, M., Maulavi, H., Kalantare, M., & Azemi, H. (2010). The relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and coping strategies with mental health. New Educational Approaches, 4 (2), 27-38 [In Persian].
Sanjani Sabzali, B. (2006). An introduction to life skills training programs, Development of Education in the Social Sciences, 28 [In Persian].
Shafiaabadi, A., & Naseri, G. R. (2014). Theories of Counseling and Psychotherapy, Tehran: Center of Academic Publication [In Persian].
Sohrabi, F., Azami, Y., & Doostian, Y. (2015). Early maladaptive schemas and dysfunctional attitudes in addicted patients patients and normal individuals. Applied Research Quarterly, 5 (1), 59-72 [In Persian].
Taghi-pour, M. (1999). Irrational Beliefs and mental disorders. Mental Health, 3(12).
Tellado, G. S. (2003). An evaluation case: the implemetion and evaluation of problem solving training program for adolescents. Evaluation and program planning, 7(2), 179-188.
Thomas, J., & Altareb, B. (2012). Cognitive Vulnerability To Depression: An Exploration Of Dysfunctional Attitudes And Ruminative Response Styles In The United Arab Emirates, Psychology And Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 85, 117–121.
Vandervoort, D. J. (2006) Hostility and health: Mediating effects of belief systems and coping styles. Current Psychology. 25(1), 50-66.
Zarb, J. M. (2003). Cognitive-behavioral assessment and therapy with adolescents. [G. Afrouz & S. K. Alavi, Trans.]. Tehran: Publishing and Printing Institute of Tehran University[In Persian].
Znozyan S., Gharaei B., & Yazdandoust, R. (2011) the effect of problem solving on studentsʼ coping strategies. Journal of Psychology, University of Tabriz, 5 (20) 83-101 [In Persian].
Zolfaghari-Motlagh, M. (1999). The effect of rational-emotional treatment on depression and unbalanced interpersonal relationship caused by marital conflict (a case study). (Unpublished master's thesis in clinical psychology). Tehran Psychiatric Institute [In Persian].
Zareidoust, E., Atefvahid, K., Bayanzadeh, A., & Birashk, B. (2008). Comparison of Locus of Control, Coping and irrational beliefs in normal women and prostitutes in Tehran. Tehran: Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, (3), 279-272 [In Persian].