Designing the Integrated Anti-Bullying Program and Determination of Its Effectiveness in Reducing of Victimization of Middle School Students

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

Rahim Badri ¹ , Seyed adnan Hosseini ² , Touraj Hashemi ³ , Mir Mahmoud Mir Nasab ⁴

1 - Scientific Board/University of Tabriz
2 - دانشجوی دکترا- دانشگاه تبریز
3 - هیات علمی دانشگاه تبریز
4 - عضو هیت علمی دانشگاه تبریز

Received: 2016-08-28 Accepted : 2017-05-06 Published : 2018-05-22

Keywords: bullying, victimization, integrated anti-bullying program,

Abstract :

The purpose of this study was to designing the integrated Anti-bullying program and determination of its effectiveness in reducing of victimization of middle school student’s city of Sanandaj in academic year of 2015-16. The research method was semi experimental with pre-test, post-test plan and a control group. For this purpose, two schools were chosen with purposive sampling method, one as the experimental and another as a control group. Then an anti-bullying program designed with separate sessions for each of groups of school staff, teachers, students and parents. Then the Iranian form of victimization scale (B.V.S), as the pre-test study, was conducted at the both schools for all students. The anti-bullying program in experimental school were taught for each of the groups separately and in the last stage post-test were conducted in both schools. Data analyzed with analysis of covariance using SPSS software. The results showed the effectiveness of anti-bullying program in reducing three verbal, physical and emotional dimension of victimization in experimental school(P<0/05). In addition, program showed higher effectiveness in reducing verbal and physical victimization compared with emotional form. Given these findings using such comprehensive anti-bullying programs by education authorities at the all country's schools is recommended.

References:

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Bauer, N. S., Lozano, P., & Rivara, F. P. (2007). The effectiveness of the Olweus bullying prevention program in public middle schools: A controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 266-274.

Bayrami, M., & Alaie, P. (2013). Bullying in female middle schools: the role of parenting styles and perception of family’s emotional environment. Journal of school psychology, 2(3), 180-188 [In Persian].

Beane, A. L. (2010). Bullying prevention for schools: A step-by-step guide to implementing a successful anti-bullying program. NY: John Wiley & Sons. ‏

Bolandhematan K. (2010). Describe and compare the prevalence and types of bullying in Kurdistan schools. Kurdistan Ministry of Education: Research Council [In Persian].

Bradic, M. C. (2014). A survey study of the perceptions of middle school personnel with respect to learning disabled students as victims of bullying/harassment and the corresponding relationships with bullying prevention and discipline. [Doctoral dissertation]. United States: Kent State University.

British Columbia, Ministry of education. (2003). Call it Safe: A parent guide for dealing with bullying in elementary schools. Retrieved from https://www.bced.gov.

Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M. & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A metaanalytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment, Child Development,79(5), 1185 – 1229.

Chatters, S. J. (2012). Impact of bullying prevention training on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of pre-education majors (future trainers). [Doctoral dissertation]. Florida: USA: University of South Florida.

Cohen, J., Espelage, D.L., Twemlow, S. W., erkowitz, M. W. B. & Comer, J. P. (2015). Rethinking Effective Bully and Violence Prevention Efforts: Promoting Healthy School Climates, Positive Youth Development, and Preventing Bully-Victim-Bystander Behavior. Internationaljournalof violence and schools,15, 2-41.

Coloroso, B. (2003). The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: From Preschool to HighSchool--How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle. Translated by Marjan Faraji(2013). Tehren: Javanye roshd [In Persian].

Corvo, K., & deLara, E. (2010). Towards an integrated theory of relational violence: Is bullying a risk factor for domestic violence? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(3), 181-190.

Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2013). Suicidal ideation and school bullying experiences after controlling for depression and delinquency. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), S27-S31.

Esteki Azad, N., & Amiri, SH. (2012). Effectiveness of Olweus Bullying Prevention Program on Iranian Boys. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18(3), 175-183.

Felipe, M. T. García, S. D. O. Babarro, J. M., & Arias, R. M. (2011). Social Characteristics in bullying Typology: Digging deeper into description of bully-victim. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 869-878.

Fox, C. L., & Boulton, M. J. (2005). The social skills problems of victims of bullying: Self, peer and teacher perceptions. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75(2), 313-328. ‏

Ghamari, H., Soroush Zade, SH., Maghsoud, N., & Michaeli, N. (2013). Effect of olweus bullying prevention program on bullying, social skills and self-esteem of students in primary schools. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(11), 75-49 [In Persian].

Gofin, R., & Avitzour, M. (2012). Traditional versus internet bullying in junior high school students. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(8), 1625-1635.‏

Hartley, M. T., Bauman, S., Nixon, C. L., & Davis, S. (2015). Comparative study of bullying victimization among students in general and special education. Exceptional Children, 81(2), 176-193.‏

Hertz, M. F., Everett Jones, S., Barrios, L., David‐Ferdon, C., & Holt, M. (2015). Association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors among high school students in the United States. Journal of school health, 85(12), 833-842.‏

Holt, T. J., Chee, G., Ng, E. A. H., & Bossler, A. M. (2013). Exploring the consequences of bullying victimization in a sample of Singapore youth. International Criminal Justice Review, 23(1), 25-40.

Isom, J. C. (2014). Understanding Teacher Perceptions of Bullying and Effectiveness of an Anti-Bullying Policy: A Case Study of Suburban High School Teachers in the Southwestern US. [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia, USA: Liberty University. ‏‏

Jansen, D. E., Veenstra, R., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2011). Early risk factors for being a bully, victim, or bully/victim in late elementary and early secondary education. The longitudinal TRAILS study. BMC public health, 11(1), 1-7.

Jones, A. M. (2013). Middle School Students' Perceptions of Bullying and the Effects of an Anti-Bullying Policy. [Doctoral dissertation]. Boston, USA: Northeastern University Boston.‏

Kärnä, A. (2012). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program. [Doctoral dissertation]. Turku, Finland: University of Turku.

Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social psychology of education, 15(1), 41-58.‏

Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 13-20.

Mazaheri, M. A., Shiri, E., & Valipour, M. (2015). The nature and prevalence of bullying in Villages of Zanjan city schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 11(36), 17-38 [In Persian].

Melissa institute for violence prevention and treatment. (2005). Reducing Bullying: Meeting the Challenge. Retrieved from www.Teachsafeschools.Org/bullying-prevention.pdf.

Moradi, M. R. (2009). Construction and Validation of bullying victimization scale (BVS). Unpublished [In Persian].

Nuggud, V. (2015). Successful Coping Strategies for Bullied Students: A Cross Sectional Study of Suburban and Urban Students in Grades 6 Through 8. [Doctoral dissertation]. Cleveland, USA: Cleveland State University. ‏

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We CanDo. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Olweus, D. (2006). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.

Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 124-134.

Parris, L. N. (2013). The Development and Application of the Coping with Bullying Scale for Children. ‏ [Doctoral dissertation]. Georgia, USA: Georgia State University.

Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in Schools: and what to do about It. Camberwell: ACER Press.

Rose, C. A., & Monda-Amaya, L. E. (2011). Bullying and victimization among students with disabilities: Effective strategies for classroom teachers. Intervention in School and Clinic, 48(2), 99–107.

Smith, P. K., Pepler, D., & Rigby, K. (2004). Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? UK: Cambridge University Press.

Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Expanding the social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. Bullying in North American schools, 3-10.‏

Swearer, S. M., Peugh, J., Espelage, D. L., Siebecker, A. B., Kingsbury, W. L., & Bevins, K. S. (2006). A socioecological model for bullying prevention and intervention in early adolescence: An exploratory examination. Handbook of school violence and school safety. From research to practice, 257-273.

Swearer, S. M., & Hymel, Sh. (2015). Understanding the Psychology of Bullying. Moving Toward a Social-Ecological Diathesis–Stress Model. American Psychologist, 70(4), 344–353.

Thompson, F., & Smith, P. K. (2012). Anti-bullying strategies in schools: what is done and what works. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 9(2), 1-32.

Tippett, N., & Wolke, D. (2014). Socioeconomic status and bullying: a meta-analysis. American journal of public health, 104(6), 48-59.‏

Trofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2008a). Bullying: Short-term and long-term effects, and the importance of defiance theory in explanation and prevention. Victims and Offenders, 3, (2-3), 289-312.

Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. (2010). Bullying Prevention Program Excerpted from Time to Act and Time to React. Madison: Wisconsin. Available from: www. Wistatedocuments.org.

Wurf, G. (2010). Reducing bullying in high schools: an evaluation of school-based initiatives for the prevention and management of bullying. AARE annual confrerence, Australia: Brisbane.

Zndvanyan, A., Daryapoor, E., & Jabbareefar, T. (2014). The relationship between school climate and bullying in Yazd high school students. Journal of Education, 20(2), 45-62 [In Persian].

 

Albayrak, S., Yıldız, A., & Erol, S. (2016). Assessing the effect of school bullying prevention programs on reducing bullying. Children and Youth Services Review, 63, 1-9.‏

Ayyubi, E., Nazarzadeh, M., Bidel, Z., Bahrami, A., Tezwal, J., Rahimi, M., & Delpishe, A. (2013).  Prevalence of bullying and deliberated self-harm behaviors among high school students. Journal of Fundamentals of Mental Health, 15(1), 366-77 [In Persian].

Barbero, J. A. J., Hernández, J. A. R., Esteban, B. L., & García, M. P. (2012). Effectiveness of antibullying school programmes: A systematic review by evidence levels. Children and Youth Services Review, 34(9), 1646-1658.

Bauer, N. S., Lozano, P., & Rivara, F. P. (2007). The effectiveness of the Olweus bullying prevention program in public middle schools: A controlled trial. Journal of Adolescent Health, 40, 266-274.

Bayrami, M., & Alaie, P. (2013). Bullying in female middle schools: the role of parenting styles and perception of family’s emotional environment. Journal of school psychology, 2(3), 180-188 [In Persian].

Beane, A. L. (2010). Bullying prevention for schools: A step-by-step guide to implementing a successful anti-bullying program. NY: John Wiley & Sons. ‏

Bolandhematan K. (2010). Describe and compare the prevalence and types of bullying in Kurdistan schools. Kurdistan Ministry of Education: Research Council [In Persian].

Bradic, M. C. (2014). A survey study of the perceptions of middle school personnel with respect to learning disabled students as victims of bullying/harassment and the corresponding relationships with bullying prevention and discipline. [Doctoral dissertation]. United States: Kent State University.

British Columbia, Ministry of education. (2003). Call it Safe: A parent guide for dealing with bullying in elementary schools. Retrieved from https://www.bced.gov.

Card, N. A., Stucky, B. D., Sawalani, G. M. & Little, T. D. (2008). Direct and indirect aggression during childhood and adolescence: A metaanalytic review of gender differences, intercorrelations, and relations to maladjustment, Child Development,79(5), 1185 – 1229.

Chatters, S. J. (2012). Impact of bullying prevention training on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior of pre-education majors (future trainers). [Doctoral dissertation]. Florida: USA: University of South Florida.

Cohen, J., Espelage, D.L., Twemlow, S. W., erkowitz, M. W. B. & Comer, J. P. (2015). Rethinking Effective Bully and Violence Prevention Efforts: Promoting Healthy School Climates, Positive Youth Development, and Preventing Bully-Victim-Bystander Behavior. Internationaljournalof violence and schools,15, 2-41.

Coloroso, B. (2003). The Bully, the Bullied, and the Bystander: From Preschool to HighSchool--How Parents and Teachers Can Help Break the Cycle. Translated by Marjan Faraji(2013). Tehren: Javanye roshd [In Persian].

Corvo, K., & deLara, E. (2010). Towards an integrated theory of relational violence: Is bullying a risk factor for domestic violence? Aggression and Violent Behavior, 15(3), 181-190.

Espelage, D. L., & Holt, M. K. (2013). Suicidal ideation and school bullying experiences after controlling for depression and delinquency. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), S27-S31.

Esteki Azad, N., & Amiri, SH. (2012). Effectiveness of Olweus Bullying Prevention Program on Iranian Boys. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, 18(3), 175-183.

Felipe, M. T. García, S. D. O. Babarro, J. M., & Arias, R. M. (2011). Social Characteristics in bullying Typology: Digging deeper into description of bully-victim. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 869-878.

Fox, C. L., & Boulton, M. J. (2005). The social skills problems of victims of bullying: Self, peer and teacher perceptions. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 75(2), 313-328. ‏

Ghamari, H., Soroush Zade, SH., Maghsoud, N., & Michaeli, N. (2013). Effect of olweus bullying prevention program on bullying, social skills and self-esteem of students in primary schools. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3(11), 75-49 [In Persian].

Gofin, R., & Avitzour, M. (2012). Traditional versus internet bullying in junior high school students. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 16(8), 1625-1635.‏

Hartley, M. T., Bauman, S., Nixon, C. L., & Davis, S. (2015). Comparative study of bullying victimization among students in general and special education. Exceptional Children, 81(2), 176-193.‏

Hertz, M. F., Everett Jones, S., Barrios, L., David‐Ferdon, C., & Holt, M. (2015). Association between bullying victimization and health risk behaviors among high school students in the United States. Journal of school health, 85(12), 833-842.‏

Holt, T. J., Chee, G., Ng, E. A. H., & Bossler, A. M. (2013). Exploring the consequences of bullying victimization in a sample of Singapore youth. International Criminal Justice Review, 23(1), 25-40.

Isom, J. C. (2014). Understanding Teacher Perceptions of Bullying and Effectiveness of an Anti-Bullying Policy: A Case Study of Suburban High School Teachers in the Southwestern US. [Doctoral dissertation]. Virginia, USA: Liberty University. ‏‏

Jansen, D. E., Veenstra, R., Ormel, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Reijneveld, S. A. (2011). Early risk factors for being a bully, victim, or bully/victim in late elementary and early secondary education. The longitudinal TRAILS study. BMC public health, 11(1), 1-7.

Jones, A. M. (2013). Middle School Students' Perceptions of Bullying and the Effects of an Anti-Bullying Policy. [Doctoral dissertation]. Boston, USA: Northeastern University Boston.‏

Kärnä, A. (2012). Effectiveness of the KiVa antibullying program. [Doctoral dissertation]. Turku, Finland: University of Turku.

Kokkinos, C. M., & Kipritsi, E. (2012). The relationship between bullying, victimization, trait emotional intelligence, self-efficacy and empathy among preadolescents. Social psychology of education, 15(1), 41-58.‏

Kowalski, R. M. & Limber, S. P. (2013). Psychological, physical, and academic correlates of cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 53(1), 13-20.

Mazaheri, M. A., Shiri, E., & Valipour, M. (2015). The nature and prevalence of bullying in Villages of Zanjan city schools. Journal of Educational Psychology, 11(36), 17-38 [In Persian].

Melissa institute for violence prevention and treatment. (2005). Reducing Bullying: Meeting the Challenge. Retrieved from www.Teachsafeschools.Org/bullying-prevention.pdf.

Moradi, M. R. (2009). Construction and Validation of bullying victimization scale (BVS). Unpublished [In Persian].

Nuggud, V. (2015). Successful Coping Strategies for Bullied Students: A Cross Sectional Study of Suburban and Urban Students in Grades 6 Through 8. [Doctoral dissertation]. Cleveland, USA: Cleveland State University. ‏

Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at School: What We Know and What We CanDo. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

Olweus, D. (2006). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford: Blackwell.

Olweus, D., & Limber, S. P. (2010). Bullying in school: Evaluation and dissemination of the Olweus Bullying Prevention Program. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(1), 124-134.

Parris, L. N. (2013). The Development and Application of the Coping with Bullying Scale for Children. ‏ [Doctoral dissertation]. Georgia, USA: Georgia State University.

Rigby, K. (2007). Bullying in Schools: and what to do about It. Camberwell: ACER Press.

Rose, C. A., & Monda-Amaya, L. E. (2011). Bullying and victimization among students with disabilities: Effective strategies for classroom teachers. Intervention in School and Clinic, 48(2), 99–107.

Smith, P. K., Pepler, D., & Rigby, K. (2004). Bullying in schools: How successful can interventions be? UK: Cambridge University Press.

Swearer, S. M., & Espelage, D. L. (2011). Expanding the social-ecological framework of bullying among youth. Bullying in North American schools, 3-10.‏

Swearer, S. M., Peugh, J., Espelage, D. L., Siebecker, A. B., Kingsbury, W. L., & Bevins, K. S. (2006). A socioecological model for bullying prevention and intervention in early adolescence: An exploratory examination. Handbook of school violence and school safety. From research to practice, 257-273.

Swearer, S. M., & Hymel, Sh. (2015). Understanding the Psychology of Bullying. Moving Toward a Social-Ecological Diathesis–Stress Model. American Psychologist, 70(4), 344–353.

Thompson, F., & Smith, P. K. (2012). Anti-bullying strategies in schools: what is done and what works. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 9(2), 1-32.

Tippett, N., & Wolke, D. (2014). Socioeconomic status and bullying: a meta-analysis. American journal of public health, 104(6), 48-59.‏

Trofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2008a). Bullying: Short-term and long-term effects, and the importance of defiance theory in explanation and prevention. Victims and Offenders, 3, (2-3), 289-312.

Wisconsin Department of Public Instruction. (2010). Bullying Prevention Program Excerpted from Time to Act and Time to React. Madison: Wisconsin. Available from: www. Wistatedocuments.org.

Wurf, G. (2010). Reducing bullying in high schools: an evaluation of school-based initiatives for the prevention and management of bullying. AARE annual confrerence, Australia: Brisbane.

Zndvanyan, A., Daryapoor, E., & Jabbareefar, T. (2014). The relationship between school climate and bullying in Yazd high school students. Journal of Education, 20(2), 45-62 [In Persian].