Effectiveness of Group Gestalt Therapy on Social Anxiety, Test Anxiety and Positive and Negative Affection of Female Students
Subject Areas : Educational Psychology
Fatemeh Mohammadi
1
(Sari)
Maryam Hafezian
2
(استادیار گروه علوم تربیتی، واحد بجنورد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، بجنورد، ایران)
Keywords: social anxiety, Gestalt Therapy, test anxiety, Positive – Negative affection,
Abstract :
This research was conducted based on purpose of evaluating the effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on social anxiety, test anxiety and positive and negative affection of female students. The research design was semi-experimental and pre-test and post-test with control group. The statistical population of the study was all female undergraduate students of Sari Azad University in the academic year of 2015-2016. Of the total number of the target population, 50 people were willing to cooperate. Then, social anxiety scores, anxiety test, and the PANAS positive and negative affection scores were provided and pre-tested. Twenty students were selected using available sampling method (20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group). Then, interventional therapy (8 sessions of 90 minutes) was performed on the experimental group. After the end of the sessions, the students of both groups were subjected to post-test. Data were analyzed using covariance analysis. The findings showed that Gestalt therapy explains about 37% of variance in reducing social anxiety. Also, gestalt therapy explains about 67% of the variance in reducing test anxiety, and gestalt therapy has been led to increase in positive affection and reduction in negative affection. The results showed that group gestalt therapy has an effect on social anxiety, test anxiety and negative and positive affection.
ابوالقاسمی، عباس (1382).اضطراب امتحان. اردبیل: نشر نیک آموز.
اعتمادی، احمد؛ حاج حسنی، مهرداد؛ نادعلی‌پور، حسن و نظری، ابراهیم (1393). اثربخشی گشتالت درمانی گروهی بر میزان اضطراب و عزت نفس دانش آموزان طلاق. مجله روانشناسی، 18، 4(72)، 438-452.
بلوچی، محمدحسین (1392). نقش باور خودکارآمدی، حمایت اجتماعی و عاطفه مثبت در پیش بینی بازگشت به اعتیاد. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی‌ارشد. دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان.
بهرامی، فرحناز؛ سودانی،منصور؛ و مهرابی زاده، مهناز (1389). تأثیر گشتالت درمانی روی عزت نفس، افسردگی و احساس تنهایی زنان مطلقه. مطالعات اجتماعی و روانشناختی زنان. شماره 23.صفحه129-147.
پارسا، محمد (1379). انگیزش و هیجان. تهران: دانشگاه پیام نور.
جعفری، نسیم و فاتحی‌زاده، مریم (1391). بررسی رابطه اعتیاد به اینترنت با افسردگی، اضطراب، فشار روانی و هراس اجتماعی در دانشجویان دانشگاه اصفهان. مجله علمی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی کردستان، دوره هفدهم، 1-9.
جهان مهر، حوریه(1391). اثربخشی گشتالت درمانی گروهی بر کاهش افسردگی، خودکارآمدی و عزت نفس بیماران مبتلا به اختلال هویت جنسی. پایان نامه ارشد. دانشگاه پیام نور تهران.
حاجی‌حسنی، مهرداد ؛ سعدی‌پور، اسماعیل؛ جعفری‌نژاد، هادی؛ رستمی، کاوه؛ و پیرساقی، فهیمه (1391). اثربخشی موسیقی درمانی فعال و گشتالت درمانی بر کاهش اضطراب امتحان. مجله اندیشه و رفتار در روانشناسی بالینی. 33،9-20.
حیدریان‌فرد، زینب (1392). اثربخشی درمان شناختی – رفتاری گروهی بر اضطراب اجتماعی، خودکارآمدی اجتماعی و نشخوار فکری دانشجویان دختر با اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. پایان نامه ارشد. دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ساری.
خیاط، ابراهیم؛ پاشا، غلامرضا؛ و سودانی، منصور (1388). عنوان اثر بخشی مشاوره گروهی به شیوه گشتالت بر کاهش اضطراب مردان مراجعه کننده به مرکز مشاوره نفت اهواز. همایش ملی یافته‌های نوین در روانشناسی.دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اهواز.
دادستان، پریرخ (1370). روانشناسی مرضی تحولی. تهران: نشر ژرف.
زاده‌محمدی، علی(1389). کاربردهای موسیقی درمانی. تهران: عصر دانش.
سادوک، بنجامین جیمز؛ و سادوک، ویرجینیا آلکوت (2007).خلاصه روانپزشکی2 . ترجمه نصراللهپورافکاری. نشر شهرآب. 1388.
سعادتی، هیمن؛ یونسی،جلال؛ فروغان، مهشید و ولشنی، لیلا (1392). اثربخشی گشتالت درمانی بر شادکامی سالمندان. فصلنامه سالمند، 8(2)، 7-15.
سودانی، منصور؛ نیکرو، طیبه؛ و حسین پور، محمد(1390). اثر بخشی گشتالت درمانی به شیوه گروهی بر افزایش امید به زندگی و عزت نفس زنان بازنشسته آموزش و پرورش. پژوهش های مشاوره. جلد2، شماره 45.
شفیع آبادی، عبدالله و ناصری، غلامرضا(1389). نظریه های مشاوره و روان درمانی. تهران: مرکز نشر دانشگاهی.
شیلینگ، لوئیس (1984). نظریه های مشاوره. ترجمه خدیجه آرین. تهران: نشر اطلاعات. 1382.
شهلا، رضا (1391). تأثیر گشتالت درمانی بر نشانه های اضطرابی کودکان مضطرب و میزان بهزیستی روان شناختی مادران. مجله رشد مشاور مدرسه، شماره 28، صفحه 27.
طالبی، اکبر (1389). مقایسه اثربخشی آموزش مهارت های مطالعه بر کاهش اضطراب امتحان دانشجویان درون گرا و برون گرا.پایان نامه ارشد. دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران.
عسلی طالکوئی، سکینه (1391). اضطراب امتحان و کاهش آن. مجله رشد مشاور مدرسه. شماره 30،27-29.
فرحزادی، مریم؛ زارع بهرام آبادی، مهدی؛ و محمدی فر،محمدعلی(1389). اثربخشی بازی درمانگری گشتالتی در کاهش اضطراب اجتماعی. مجله روانشناسی تحولی. شماره28 ،387-395.
کربلایی، محبوبه؛ جلالی، محمدرضا؛ و کاکاوند، علیرضا (1392). عنوان بررسی و مقایسه اثربخشی گشتالت درمانی و آموزش بازآموزی اسنادی بر افزایش عزت نفس و کاهش اضطراب دانشجویان. پایان نامه ارشد. دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی قزوین.
لطف آبادی، حسین (1380). عواطف و هویت نوجوانان و جوانان. تهران: نشر نسل سوم.
نادری، فرح (1388). روانشناسی اضطراب و (اضطراب امتحان، اضطراب مرگ و اضطراب کامپیوتر). اهواز: نشر دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی.
نوابی نژاد، شکوه (1386). گشتالت درمانی. تهران: نشر فراوان.
نوابی نژاد، شکوه (1383). نظریه های مشاوره و روان درمانی گروهی. تهران: نشر سمت.
هاریس، پل(2001).رشد عواطف در کودکان. ترجمه محمد یمینی و محمد داوودی. سبزوار: نشر دانشگاه تربیت معلم. (سال انتشار1380).
هوفمان،اشتفان گ؛ اوتو، میشائل (2010). درمان شناختی رفتاری برای اختلال اضطراب اجتماعی. ترجمه مسعودچینی فروشان و منصور آگشته. نشر ارجمند. (سال انتشار1389).
یوسفی، ناصر؛ جهانبخشی، زهرا؛ و اصلانی، خالد(1391). اثربخشی گشتالت درمانگری و معنادرمانگری بر کاهش نشانگان وسواس مراجعان در آستانه ازدواج. فصلنامه مطالعات روانشناسی بالینی. شماره 6، سال دوم، 1-26.
Adamrita, C.S. (2010). The effects of gestalt and cognitive- behavioral therapy group intervention on the assertiveness and self – steem of women with physical disabilities facing abuse. In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy, Wayne State University.
Abolghasemi, A. (2003). exam stress Ardebil: Nikkamooz publishing.[In Persian].
Asalitalkouyi, S. (2012). Test anxiety and reduce it. Magazine Growth School Consultant, 27, 29-30. [In Persian].
Bitter, J. R. (2004). Two Approaches to Counseling a Parent Alone: Toward a Gestalt-Adlerian Integration.The Family Journal. 12(4), Sage Publieations.
Bahrami, F., Soudani, M., Mehrabizadeh, M. (2010). The effect of gestalt therapy on self-esteem, depression and loneliness of divorced women. Social and psychological studies of women, 23,129-147. [In Persian].
Balouchi, M. H. (2013). The role of self-efficacy, social support and positive affection in anticipating the return to addiction, Master's Thesis. University of Sistan and Baluchestan. [In Persian].
Connor, K. M. Davidson, J.R. Churchill, L. E. Sherweed, A. Foa, E. B. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The British Jurnal of Psychiatry, 176: 379-386.
Dadsetan, P. (1991). Developmental Psychology. Tehran: Jarf publication. [In Persian].
Etemadi, A., Hajhasani, M., Nadalipour, H., Nazari, E. (2014). The Effectiveness of Group Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety and Self-Esteem of Divorce Students. Journal of Psychology, Volume 18, 4 (72), 4 38-452. [In Persian].
Farahzadi, M., Zare bahramabadi, M., Mohammadifar, M. A. (2010). The Effectiveness of Gastric Therapy in Reducing Social Anxiety. The Evolutionary Psychology, 28,387-395. [In Persian].
Feingold, P. (1994). A Psychometric Study of the Test Anxiety Scale for a children in a Spanish sample. Psychological Bulletin. 6,429-456.
Harris, P. (2001). Growth of emotions in children. (Translation by Mohammad Yamini and Mohammad Davoudi), Publication of Tarbiat Moallem University (Release year 2001). [In Persian].
Hajihasani, M., Saadipour, S., Jaafarinejad, H., Rostami, K., Pirsaghi, F. (2012). The Effectiveness of Active Therapeutic Music Therapy and Gestalt Therapy on Reducing Test Anxiety. Thought Magazine and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9, 20-33.[In Persian].
Heidarianfard, Z. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on social anxiety, social self-efficacy and rumination among female students with social anxiety disorder. Master's Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Sari.[In Persian].
Hollandsworth, L. G.; Glazeski, R. C.; Kirkland, Jones, G., & Vannorman, L. (1989). An anxiety of the nature and effects of test anxiety. Cognitive therapy and research.vol 3.165-180.
Hoffmann, S. G., & Otto, M. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder, Translation of Chinifouroushan, M., Ageshte, M., Arjmand publication.[In Persian].
Jaafari, N., & Fatehizadeh, M. (2012). The study of the relationship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, psychological stress and social phobia in Isfahan University students. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17, 1-9. [In Persian].
Jahanmehr, H. (2012). The effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on depression, self-efficacy and self-esteem in patients with sexual dysfunction. Master's Thesis. Payam Noor university of Tehran. [In Persian].
Jacobus, J., & Reilly, V. (2008). Students evaluate Carle Rogers and Perl’s relationship with Gloria: A brief report. The Journal of Humanistic Psychology.48, 32-43.
Karbalayi, M., Jalali, M. R., Kakavand, A. (2013).Title of the study and comparison of the effectiveness of gestalt therapy and educational retraining on increasing self-esteem and reducing student anxiety. Master's Thesis. International University of Imam Khomeini Qazvin.[In Persian].
KHayyat, E., Pasha, GH. R., Soudani, M. (2009). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Group Counseling on Anxiety Reduction in Men Referring to Ahwaz Oil Consultation Center. National Conference on New Findings in Psychology. Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch.[In Persian].
Lotfabadi, H. (2000). The emotions and identities of teens and young people. Tehran: Third generation publication.[In Persian].
Martinez, E. (2002). Effectiveness of operationalized gestalt therapy role-playing in the Treatment of Phobic Behaviors.Gestalt Review. 6(2), 148-166.
Natas, J. (2009). The integration of gestalt play therapy in occupational therapy: a needs assessment. [On line] Available at:http://hdl.handle.net.
Naderi, F. (2009). Psychology of anxiety and (test anxiety, death anxiety and computer anxiety). Ahvaz: Azad University Publication.[In Persian].
Navabinejad, Sh. (2004). Group counseling and psychotherapy theories. Tehran: Samt publication.[In Persian].
Navabinejad, Sh. (2007). Gestalt Therapy. Tehran: Faravan publication.[In Persian].
Parsa, M. (2000). Motivation and excitement. Tehran: Payame Noor University.[In Persian].
Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt Therapy Verbatim. Moab,Utah,Real People press.
Polster, E. & M. Polster. (1973). Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Countours of Theory & Practice.New York, Random House Inc.1973.
Saadati, H., Younesi, J., Foroughan, M., Velsheni, L. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Elderly Happiness. Elderly Dissertation, 8(2), 7-15.[In Persian].
Sarason, I. G. (1980). Test anxiety: Theory, research, and application. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sarason, IG. & Sarason, B. R. (1990). "Test Anxiety", in H. Leitenberg (ed). Handbook of Social and Evaluative Anxiety.P.P.475-96. New York. Plenium Press.
Shahla, R. (2012). The Effect of Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety Symptoms of Anxious, Children and the Level of Mental Well-being.28, 27.[In Persian].
Shilling, L. (1984). Advice Theories, (Translation by Khadijah Arian). Tehran: Information publication. [In Persian].
Shafiabadi, A., Naseri, GH. R. (2010). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. [In Persian].
Soudani, M., Nikrou, T., Hosseinpour, M. (2011). The effectiveness of group therapy gestalt therapy on increasing the life expectancy and self-esteem of retired women in education. Consulting research, 2(45).[In Persian].
Saduk, B., Saduk, V. A. (2007). Synopsis of psychiatry, (translated by Nasrollah Pourfakheri). publishing of shahreab.[In Persian].
Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis.
Talebi, A. (2010). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Teaching Skills Training on Reducing the Anxiety of Extraterritorial and Extrovert Students. Master's Thesis. medical University Tehran.[In Persian].
Tuncacy, E. (2003). Effective Interventions on Test Anxiety Reduction.A Meta Analysis.School Psychology Interventional. 24(3).
Walter, F & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: a dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual Structure of Mood. Psychological Bulletin. 98(2), 219-235.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (2003). The PANAS-X manual for the positive and negative affect schedule expanded. Retrieved 24 September 1989, from: http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Watson/ PANAS-pdf.
Yousefi, N., Jahanbakhshi, Z., Aslani, Kh. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy and Meaningful Mentality on Reducing Obsessive-Compulsive Menopause on the Eve of Marriage. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology, No. 6, the second year, 1-26. [In Persian].
Zademohammadi, A. (2010). Music Therapy Applications. Tehran: The Ages of Knowledge.[In Persian].
Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., Davis, M. C., Potter, P. T & Nicolson, N. A. (2000). The role ofstressful events in the relationship between positive and negative effects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality. 68, 925-949.
_||_Adamrita, C.S. (2010). The effects of gestalt and cognitive- behavioral therapy group intervention on the assertiveness and self – steem of women with physical disabilities facing abuse. In partial fulfillment of requirements for the degree of Doctor of philosophy, Wayne State University.
Abolghasemi, A. (2003). exam stress Ardebil: Nikkamooz publishing.[In Persian].
Asalitalkouyi, S. (2012). Test anxiety and reduce it. Magazine Growth School Consultant, 27, 29-30. [In Persian].
Bitter, J. R. (2004). Two Approaches to Counseling a Parent Alone: Toward a Gestalt-Adlerian Integration.The Family Journal. 12(4), Sage Publieations.
Bahrami, F., Soudani, M., Mehrabizadeh, M. (2010). The effect of gestalt therapy on self-esteem, depression and loneliness of divorced women. Social and psychological studies of women, 23,129-147. [In Persian].
Balouchi, M. H. (2013). The role of self-efficacy, social support and positive affection in anticipating the return to addiction, Master's Thesis. University of Sistan and Baluchestan. [In Persian].
Connor, K. M. Davidson, J.R. Churchill, L. E. Sherweed, A. Foa, E. B. (2000). Psychometric properties of the social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The British Jurnal of Psychiatry, 176: 379-386.
Dadsetan, P. (1991). Developmental Psychology. Tehran: Jarf publication. [In Persian].
Etemadi, A., Hajhasani, M., Nadalipour, H., Nazari, E. (2014). The Effectiveness of Group Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety and Self-Esteem of Divorce Students. Journal of Psychology, Volume 18, 4 (72), 4 38-452. [In Persian].
Farahzadi, M., Zare bahramabadi, M., Mohammadifar, M. A. (2010). The Effectiveness of Gastric Therapy in Reducing Social Anxiety. The Evolutionary Psychology, 28,387-395. [In Persian].
Feingold, P. (1994). A Psychometric Study of the Test Anxiety Scale for a children in a Spanish sample. Psychological Bulletin. 6,429-456.
Harris, P. (2001). Growth of emotions in children. (Translation by Mohammad Yamini and Mohammad Davoudi), Publication of Tarbiat Moallem University (Release year 2001). [In Persian].
Hajihasani, M., Saadipour, S., Jaafarinejad, H., Rostami, K., Pirsaghi, F. (2012). The Effectiveness of Active Therapeutic Music Therapy and Gestalt Therapy on Reducing Test Anxiety. Thought Magazine and Behavior in Clinical Psychology, 9, 20-33.[In Persian].
Heidarianfard, Z. (2013). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral group therapy on social anxiety, social self-efficacy and rumination among female students with social anxiety disorder. Master's Thesis. Islamic Azad University of Sari.[In Persian].
Hollandsworth, L. G.; Glazeski, R. C.; Kirkland, Jones, G., & Vannorman, L. (1989). An anxiety of the nature and effects of test anxiety. Cognitive therapy and research.vol 3.165-180.
Hoffmann, S. G., & Otto, M. (2010). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for social anxiety disorder, Translation of Chinifouroushan, M., Ageshte, M., Arjmand publication.[In Persian].
Jaafari, N., & Fatehizadeh, M. (2012). The study of the relationship between internet addiction and depression, anxiety, psychological stress and social phobia in Isfahan University students. Scientific Journal of Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, 17, 1-9. [In Persian].
Jahanmehr, H. (2012). The effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on depression, self-efficacy and self-esteem in patients with sexual dysfunction. Master's Thesis. Payam Noor university of Tehran. [In Persian].
Jacobus, J., & Reilly, V. (2008). Students evaluate Carle Rogers and Perl’s relationship with Gloria: A brief report. The Journal of Humanistic Psychology.48, 32-43.
Karbalayi, M., Jalali, M. R., Kakavand, A. (2013).Title of the study and comparison of the effectiveness of gestalt therapy and educational retraining on increasing self-esteem and reducing student anxiety. Master's Thesis. International University of Imam Khomeini Qazvin.[In Persian].
KHayyat, E., Pasha, GH. R., Soudani, M. (2009). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Group Counseling on Anxiety Reduction in Men Referring to Ahwaz Oil Consultation Center. National Conference on New Findings in Psychology. Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz Branch.[In Persian].
Lotfabadi, H. (2000). The emotions and identities of teens and young people. Tehran: Third generation publication.[In Persian].
Martinez, E. (2002). Effectiveness of operationalized gestalt therapy role-playing in the Treatment of Phobic Behaviors.Gestalt Review. 6(2), 148-166.
Natas, J. (2009). The integration of gestalt play therapy in occupational therapy: a needs assessment. [On line] Available at:http://hdl.handle.net.
Naderi, F. (2009). Psychology of anxiety and (test anxiety, death anxiety and computer anxiety). Ahvaz: Azad University Publication.[In Persian].
Navabinejad, Sh. (2004). Group counseling and psychotherapy theories. Tehran: Samt publication.[In Persian].
Navabinejad, Sh. (2007). Gestalt Therapy. Tehran: Faravan publication.[In Persian].
Parsa, M. (2000). Motivation and excitement. Tehran: Payame Noor University.[In Persian].
Perls, F. S. (1969). Gestalt Therapy Verbatim. Moab,Utah,Real People press.
Polster, E. & M. Polster. (1973). Gestalt Therapy Integrated: Countours of Theory & Practice.New York, Random House Inc.1973.
Saadati, H., Younesi, J., Foroughan, M., Velsheni, L. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy on Elderly Happiness. Elderly Dissertation, 8(2), 7-15.[In Persian].
Sarason, I. G. (1980). Test anxiety: Theory, research, and application. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Sarason, IG. & Sarason, B. R. (1990). "Test Anxiety", in H. Leitenberg (ed). Handbook of Social and Evaluative Anxiety.P.P.475-96. New York. Plenium Press.
Shahla, R. (2012). The Effect of Gestalt Therapy on Anxiety Symptoms of Anxious, Children and the Level of Mental Well-being.28, 27.[In Persian].
Shilling, L. (1984). Advice Theories, (Translation by Khadijah Arian). Tehran: Information publication. [In Persian].
Shafiabadi, A., Naseri, GH. R. (2010). Theories of counseling and psychotherapy. Tehran: Academic Publishing Center. [In Persian].
Soudani, M., Nikrou, T., Hosseinpour, M. (2011). The effectiveness of group therapy gestalt therapy on increasing the life expectancy and self-esteem of retired women in education. Consulting research, 2(45).[In Persian].
Saduk, B., Saduk, V. A. (2007). Synopsis of psychiatry, (translated by Nasrollah Pourfakheri). publishing of shahreab.[In Persian].
Spielberger, C. D., & Vagg, P. R. (1995). Test anxiety: A transactional process model. Washington, D.C: Taylor & Francis.
Talebi, A. (2010). Comparison of the Effectiveness of Teaching Skills Training on Reducing the Anxiety of Extraterritorial and Extrovert Students. Master's Thesis. medical University Tehran.[In Persian].
Tuncacy, E. (2003). Effective Interventions on Test Anxiety Reduction.A Meta Analysis.School Psychology Interventional. 24(3).
Walter, F & Bruch, H. (2008). The positive group affect spiral: a dynamic model of the emergence of positive affective similarity in work groups. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(2), 239-261.
Watson, D., & Tellegen, A. (1985). Toward a consensual Structure of Mood. Psychological Bulletin. 98(2), 219-235.
Watson, D., & Clark, L. A. (2003). The PANAS-X manual for the positive and negative affect schedule expanded. Retrieved 24 September 1989, from: http://www.psychology.uiowa.edu/Faculty/Watson/ PANAS-pdf.
Yousefi, N., Jahanbakhshi, Z., Aslani, Kh. (2012). The Effectiveness of Gestalt Therapy and Meaningful Mentality on Reducing Obsessive-Compulsive Menopause on the Eve of Marriage. Quarterly Journal of Clinical Psychology, No. 6, the second year, 1-26. [In Persian].
Zademohammadi, A. (2010). Music Therapy Applications. Tehran: The Ages of Knowledge.[In Persian].
Zautra, A. J., Reich, J. W., Davis, M. C., Potter, P. T & Nicolson, N. A. (2000). The role ofstressful events in the relationship between positive and negative effects: Evidence from field and experimental studies. Journal of Personality. 68, 925-949.