Designing a model of depression in pregnant women based on early maladaptive schemas and perceived parenting styles with the mediating role of emotional dysregulation. (Authors: Mahboobeh Moradian Tehrani / Saeid Malihialzackerini/ Reza Moloodi)
Subject Areas : Emotion Regulation
1 - Academic Member and Journal Manager
Keywords: Depression, early maladaptive schemas, emotional dysregulation, perceived parenting style,
Abstract :
Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the mediating role of early maladaptive schemas in the relationship between emotional dysregulation and perceived parenting styles with depression in pregnant women. The current research was a descriptive-correlation type of path analysis. The study population was all pregnant women referring to health centers, midwifery centers and gynecology offices in Tehran in 2022, who were in the early months of pregnancy until the seventh month. Among them, 397 people were selected as samples. Research tools included: Depression Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS, Lovibond & Lovibond, 1995), Difficulties in emotion regulation scale (DERS, Gratz & Roemer, 2004), Young Parenting Inventory (YPI, Young, 1999), and Young Schema Questionnaire (YSQ, Young, 1990). The data were analyzed using path analysis method. The results of path analysis indicated the appropriate fit of the model. The findings showed that emotional dysregulation and father's perceived parenting styles can indirectly predict depression in pregnant women through the impaired autonomy and performance and other-directedness (p< 0.001). These results show that emotional dysregulation and perceived parenting styles can explain depression in pregnant women due to the important role of the impaired autonomy and performance and other-directedness maladaptive schemas.
References:
منابع
بشارت، م. (1397). مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان. اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی، 13(47)، 89-92. https://jtbcp.riau.ac.ir/article_1427.html
سامانی، س؛ و جوکار، ب. (1386). بررسی اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه مقیاس افسردگی، اضطراب و فشار روانی. مجله علوم اجتماعی و انسانی دانشگاه شیراز، 3(52)، 65-77. https://www.sid.ir/paper/391033/fa
صلواتی، م. (1386). طرحواره¬های غالب و اثر بخشی طرحواره درمانی در بیماران زن مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت مرزی. رساله جهت دریافت رساله دکتری. چاپ شده. انیستیتو روانپزشکی تهران.
معینی، م؛ مام شریفی، پ؛ فرخی، س؛ و شهرابی فراهانی، م. (1401). نقش واسطه‌ای تنظیم هیجان و انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در رابطۀ بین سیستم‌های بازداری و فعال‌سازی رفتاری با تا‌ب‌آوری امدادگران هلال‌احمر. رویش روان شناسی، ۱۱ (۷)، ۱۳۳-۱۴۴.
http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1401.11.7.18.7
Bär, A., Bär, H. E., Rijkeboer, M. M., & Lobbestael, J. (2023). Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review. Psychology and psychotherapy, 96(3), 716–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12465
Beheshti Nasab, M., Bahmaei, H., Askari, S., Ghanbari, S., & Iravani, M. (2022). The Relationship between Health Anxiety and Prenatal Distress with Choosing Mode of Delivery among Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 10(2), 3240-3247. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2022.62345.1758
Bell, A. F., & Andersson, E. (2016). The birth experience and women's postnatal depression: A systematic review. Midwifery, 39, 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.04.014
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent- Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Bishop, A., Younan, R., Low, J., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 29(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2630
Buesa, J., Campos-Berga, L., Lizaran, M., Almansa, B., Ghosn, F., Sierra, P., ... & García-Blanco, A. (2024). Predictors of postpartum depression in threatened preterm labour: importance of psychosocial factors. Spanish Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17(1), 51-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpmh.2023.06.004
Cantarero, A., Mateo, R., Camarero, P. R., Alonso, D., Fernandez-Eslava, B., & Alonso-Alvarez, C. (2020). Testing the shared-pathway hypothesis in the carotenoid-based coloration of red crossbills. Evolution, 74(10), 2348-2364. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14073
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. The British journal of clinical psychology, 42(Pt 2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466503321903544
Dabb, C., Dryer, R., Brunton, R. J., Yap, K., & Roach, V. J. (2023). Paternal pregnancy-related anxiety: Systematic review of men's concerns and experiences during their partners' pregnancies. Journal of affective disorders, 323, 640–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.092
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020). Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(6), 804-813. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2464
Goagoses, N., Bolz, T., Eilts, J., Schipper, N., Schütz, J., Rademacher, A., Vesterling, C., & Koglin, U. (2022). Parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03037-7
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41– 54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
Ifeagwazi, C. M., Obiajulu, B. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., & Ndukaihe, I. L. (2021). Emotion dysregulation robustly predicts depressive symptoms above and beyond life events and social support in sub-saharan African pregnant women. Women's Reproductive Health, 8(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2020.1861414
Jahan, N., Went, T. R., Sultan, W., Sapkota, A., Khurshid, H., Qureshi, I. A., & Alfonso, M. (2021). Untreated Depression during Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 13(8), e17251. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17251
Keijser, R., Olofsdotter, S., Nilsson, K. W., & Åslund, C. (2020). The influence of parenting styles and parental depression on adolescent depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional and longitudinal approach. Mental Health & Prevention, 20, 200193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200193
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
Li, H., Li, H., Zhong, J., Wu, Q., Shen, L., Tao, Z., Zhang, H., & Song, S. (2023). Association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Archives of women's mental health, 26(2), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-023-01295-3
Louis, J. P., Wood, A. M., & Lockwood, G. (2018). Psychometric validation of the Young Parenting Inventory - Revised (YPI-R2): Replication and Extension of a commonly used parenting scale in Schema Therapy (ST) research and practice. PloS one, 13(11), e0205605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205605
McCance, D. R., & Cassidy, L. (2024). Diabetes in pregnancy. Textbook of Diabetes, 1034-1071.
Mak, M. C. K., Yin, L., Li, M., Cheung, R. Y. H., & Oon, P. T. (2020). The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2993-3003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01785-3
Malogiannis, I. A., Aggeli, A., Garoni, D., Tzavara, C., Michopoulos, I., Pehlivanidis, A., Kalantzi-Azizi, A., & Papadimitriou, G. N. (2018). Validation of the greek version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3: Internal consistency reliability and validity. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 29(3), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2018.293.220
Mamsharifi, P., Farokhi, B., Hajipoor-Taziani, R., Alemi, F., Hazegh, P., Masoumzadeh, S., Jafari, L., Ghaderi, A., & Ghadami Dehkohneh, S. (2023). Nano-curcumin effects on nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety and metabolic parameters in smokers: A randomized double-blind clinical study. Heliyon, 9(11), e21249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21249
Mirzakhani, K., Khadivzadeh, T., Faridhosseini, F., & Ebadi, A. (2020). Pregnant Women's Experiences of the Conditions Affecting Marital Well-Being in High-Risk Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery, 8(4), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.30476/ijcbnm.2020.85666.1285
Pilkington, P. D., Karantzas, G. C., Faustino, B., & Pizarro-Campagna, E. (2023). Early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 10.1002/cpp.2914. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2914
Pourshahabadi, F., & Einipour, J. (2020). The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Differentiation of Self and Emotional Control among Couples with Marital Maladjustment. International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijabs.v7i2.28249
Romero-Acosta, K., Gómez-de-Regil, L., Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G. E., & Gibson, R. C. (2021). Parenting Styles, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Child/Adolescent. International journal of psychological research, 14(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4704
Sánchez-Polán, M., Franco, E., Silva-José, C., Gil-Ares, J., Pérez-Tejero, J., Barakat, R., & Refoyo, I. (2021). Exercise During Pregnancy and Prenatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 640024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.640024
Sharma, A., & McClellan, J. (2021). Emotional and Behavioral Dysregulation in Severe Mental Illness. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 30(2), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2020.10.010
Smith, A. L., Carvalho, A. F., & Solmi, M. (2024). Methodological concerns in umbrella review of serotonin and depression. Molecular psychiatry, 10.1038/s41380-024-02460-5. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02460-5
Yaffe, Y. (2023). Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current psychology, 42(19), 16011-16024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01014-6
Yalcin, O., Marais, I., Lee, C. W., & Correia, H. (2023). The YSQ-R: Predictive Validity and Comparison to the Short and Long Form Young Schema Questionnaire. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(3), 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031778
Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
Zetsche, U., Bürkner, P. C., Bohländer, J., Renneberg, B., Roepke, S., & Schulze, L. (2024). Daily Emotion Regulation in Major Depression and Borderline Personality Disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 12(1), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026231160709
منابع
بشارت، م. (1397). مقیاس دشواری تنظیم هیجان. اندیشه و رفتار در روان شناسی بالینی، 13(47)، 89-92. https://jtbcp.riau.ac.ir/article_1427.html
سامانی، س؛ و جوکار، ب. (1386). بررسی اعتبار و روایی فرم کوتاه مقیاس افسردگی، اضطراب و فشار روانی. مجله علوم اجتماعی و انسانی دانشگاه شیراز، 3(52)، 65-77. https://www.sid.ir/paper/391033/fa
صلواتی، م. (1386). طرحواره¬های غالب و اثر بخشی طرحواره درمانی در بیماران زن مبتلا به اختلال شخصیت مرزی. رساله جهت دریافت رساله دکتری. چاپ شده. انیستیتو روانپزشکی تهران.
معینی، م؛ مام شریفی، پ؛ فرخی، س؛ و شهرابی فراهانی، م. (1401). نقش واسطه‌ای تنظیم هیجان و انعطاف‌پذیری شناختی در رابطۀ بین سیستم‌های بازداری و فعال‌سازی رفتاری با تا‌ب‌آوری امدادگران هلال‌احمر. رویش روان شناسی، ۱۱ (۷)، ۱۳۳-۱۴۴.
http://dorl.net/dor/20.1001.1.2383353.1401.11.7.18.7
Bär, A., Bär, H. E., Rijkeboer, M. M., & Lobbestael, J. (2023). Early Maladaptive Schemas and Schema Modes in clinical disorders: A systematic review. Psychology and psychotherapy, 96(3), 716–747. https://doi.org/10.1111/papt.12465
Beheshti Nasab, M., Bahmaei, H., Askari, S., Ghanbari, S., & Iravani, M. (2022). The Relationship between Health Anxiety and Prenatal Distress with Choosing Mode of Delivery among Pregnant Women during COVID-19 Epidemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Journal of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, 10(2), 3240-3247. https://doi.org/10.22038/jmrh.2022.62345.1758
Bell, A. F., & Andersson, E. (2016). The birth experience and women's postnatal depression: A systematic review. Midwifery, 39, 112–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.midw.2016.04.014
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting Styles and Parent- Adolescent Relationships: The Mediating Roles of Behavioral Autonomy and Parental Authority. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Bishop, A., Younan, R., Low, J., & Pilkington, P. D. (2022). Early maladaptive schemas and depression in adulthood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 29(1), 111–130. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2630
Buesa, J., Campos-Berga, L., Lizaran, M., Almansa, B., Ghosn, F., Sierra, P., ... & García-Blanco, A. (2024). Predictors of postpartum depression in threatened preterm labour: importance of psychosocial factors. Spanish Journal of Psychiatry and Mental Health, 17(1), 51-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjpmh.2023.06.004
Cantarero, A., Mateo, R., Camarero, P. R., Alonso, D., Fernandez-Eslava, B., & Alonso-Alvarez, C. (2020). Testing the shared-pathway hypothesis in the carotenoid-based coloration of red crossbills. Evolution, 74(10), 2348-2364. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.14073
Crawford, J. R., & Henry, J. D. (2003). The Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS): normative data and latent structure in a large non-clinical sample. The British journal of clinical psychology, 42(Pt 2), 111–131. https://doi.org/10.1348/014466503321903544
Dabb, C., Dryer, R., Brunton, R. J., Yap, K., & Roach, V. J. (2023). Paternal pregnancy-related anxiety: Systematic review of men's concerns and experiences during their partners' pregnancies. Journal of affective disorders, 323, 640–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.092
Faustino, B., & Vasco, A. B. (2020). Relationships between emotional processing difficulties and early maladaptive schemas on the regulation of psychological needs. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 27(6), 804-813. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2464
Goagoses, N., Bolz, T., Eilts, J., Schipper, N., Schütz, J., Rademacher, A., Vesterling, C., & Koglin, U. (2022). Parenting dimensions/styles and emotion dysregulation in childhood and adolescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Current Psychology: A Journal for Diverse Perspectives on Diverse Psychological Issues. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-022-03037-7
Gratz, K. L., & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41– 54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
Ifeagwazi, C. M., Obiajulu, B. M., Chukwuorji, J. C., & Ndukaihe, I. L. (2021). Emotion dysregulation robustly predicts depressive symptoms above and beyond life events and social support in sub-saharan African pregnant women. Women's Reproductive Health, 8(1), 29-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/23293691.2020.1861414
Jahan, N., Went, T. R., Sultan, W., Sapkota, A., Khurshid, H., Qureshi, I. A., & Alfonso, M. (2021). Untreated Depression during Pregnancy and Its Effect on Pregnancy Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Cureus, 13(8), e17251. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.17251
Keijser, R., Olofsdotter, S., Nilsson, K. W., & Åslund, C. (2020). The influence of parenting styles and parental depression on adolescent depressive symptoms: A cross-sectional and longitudinal approach. Mental Health & Prevention, 20, 200193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhp.2020.200193
Lovibond, P. F., & Lovibond, S. H. (1995). The structure of negative emotional states: comparison of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS) with the Beck Depression and Anxiety Inventories. Behaviour research and therapy, 33(3), 335–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(94)00075-u
Li, H., Li, H., Zhong, J., Wu, Q., Shen, L., Tao, Z., Zhang, H., & Song, S. (2023). Association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and risk of postpartum depression: a systematic review and meta- analysis. Archives of women's mental health, 26(2), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-023-01295-3
Louis, J. P., Wood, A. M., & Lockwood, G. (2018). Psychometric validation of the Young Parenting Inventory - Revised (YPI-R2): Replication and Extension of a commonly used parenting scale in Schema Therapy (ST) research and practice. PloS one, 13(11), e0205605. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0205605
McCance, D. R., & Cassidy, L. (2024). Diabetes in pregnancy. Textbook of Diabetes, 1034-1071.
Mak, M. C. K., Yin, L., Li, M., Cheung, R. Y. H., & Oon, P. T. (2020). The relation between parenting stress and child behavior problems: Negative parenting styles as mediator. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29, 2993-3003. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01785-3
Malogiannis, I. A., Aggeli, A., Garoni, D., Tzavara, C., Michopoulos, I., Pehlivanidis, A., Kalantzi-Azizi, A., & Papadimitriou, G. N. (2018). Validation of the greek version of the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form 3: Internal consistency reliability and validity. Psychiatrike = Psychiatriki, 29(3), 220–230. https://doi.org/10.22365/jpsych.2018.293.220
Mamsharifi, P., Farokhi, B., Hajipoor-Taziani, R., Alemi, F., Hazegh, P., Masoumzadeh, S., Jafari, L., Ghaderi, A., & Ghadami Dehkohneh, S. (2023). Nano-curcumin effects on nicotine dependence, depression, anxiety and metabolic parameters in smokers: A randomized double-blind clinical study. Heliyon, 9(11), e21249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21249
Mirzakhani, K., Khadivzadeh, T., Faridhosseini, F., & Ebadi, A. (2020). Pregnant Women's Experiences of the Conditions Affecting Marital Well-Being in High-Risk Pregnancy: A Qualitative Study. International journal of community based nursing and midwifery, 8(4), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.30476/ijcbnm.2020.85666.1285
Pilkington, P. D., Karantzas, G. C., Faustino, B., & Pizarro-Campagna, E. (2023). Early maladaptive schemas, emotion regulation difficulties and alexithymia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical psychology & psychotherapy, 10.1002/cpp.2914. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2914
Pourshahabadi, F., & Einipour, J. (2020). The Effectiveness of Schema Therapy on Differentiation of Self and Emotional Control among Couples with Marital Maladjustment. International Journal of Applied Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 18–29. https://doi.org/10.22037/ijabs.v7i2.28249
Romero-Acosta, K., Gómez-de-Regil, L., Lowe, G. A., Lipps, G. E., & Gibson, R. C. (2021). Parenting Styles, Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Child/Adolescent. International journal of psychological research, 14(1), 12–32. https://doi.org/10.21500/20112084.4704
Sánchez-Polán, M., Franco, E., Silva-José, C., Gil-Ares, J., Pérez-Tejero, J., Barakat, R., & Refoyo, I. (2021). Exercise During Pregnancy and Prenatal Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Frontiers in physiology, 12, 640024. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2021.640024
Sharma, A., & McClellan, J. (2021). Emotional and Behavioral Dysregulation in Severe Mental Illness. Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America, 30(2), 415–429. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chc.2020.10.010
Smith, A. L., Carvalho, A. F., & Solmi, M. (2024). Methodological concerns in umbrella review of serotonin and depression. Molecular psychiatry, 10.1038/s41380-024-02460-5. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-024-02460-5
Yaffe, Y. (2023). Systematic review of the differences between mothers and fathers in parenting styles and practices. Current psychology, 42(19), 16011-16024. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-01014-6
Yalcin, O., Marais, I., Lee, C. W., & Correia, H. (2023). The YSQ-R: Predictive Validity and Comparison to the Short and Long Form Young Schema Questionnaire. International journal of environmental research and public health, 20(3), 1778. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20031778
Young, J. E. (1999). Cognitive therapy for personality disorders: A schema-focused approach. Professional Resource Press/Professional Resource Exchange.
Zetsche, U., Bürkner, P. C., Bohländer, J., Renneberg, B., Roepke, S., & Schulze, L. (2024). Daily Emotion Regulation in Major Depression and Borderline Personality Disorder. Clinical Psychological Science, 12(1), 161-170. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026231160709