Investigating the effects of livestock entry on ecological niche changes of the Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) (Case study: Qaraviz no hunting area, Kermanshah)
Subject Areas : environmental management
peyman
karami
1
(MSc, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment Sciences, Malayer University, Malayer, Hamedan, Iran.* (Corresponding Author)z)
Yahya
Esmaeilpour
2
(Assistant Professor, Department of Range and Watershed, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran)
Mozafar
sharifi
3
(Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.)
Keywords: Persian Gazelle, Ecological niche, Habitat suitability, Livestock, Qaraviz no hunting area. مقدمه,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Persian Gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) has been distributed in 14 countries. Among these countries, at least in 12 ones the presence of livestock has been mentioned as a factor of Gazelles habitat destruction. Qaraviz no hunting area in Kermanshah province, with the structure of hill and rising ground, is one of the best Persian Gazelle habitats in the west of Iran. The most important obstacle in this regard is entry of livestock of villagers and nomads into its habitat. The aim of this study is to compare the ecological niche of livestock (sheep and goat) and Persian Gazelle in autumn and winter. Method: In order to model the Gazelle habitat, the presence of point the species and 12 environmental factors of slope, aspect, altitude, vegetation density index (NDVI), type of vegetation, distance from the river, distance from the road, distance from the areas of human activity, distance from the village, distance from the border stations, distance from the presence of livestock, and distance from spring and trough were used. Moreover, to model the habitat of the livestocks in the region, the presence point of livestock and 9 environmental factors of slope, direction, height, vegetation density index (NDVI), type of vegetation, distance from the river, distance from spring and trough and distance from the presence point of Gazelles were used. Modeling was carried out by ecological niche factor analyzing method performed in Biomapper software. Findings: Gazelles and livestock in both seasons tended to the low-vegetation density and south direction. Gazelles in both seasons tended to the vegetation types of Poa bulbosa-Annual grass, while the livestock in the region in autumn and winter, tended to the vegetation types of Astragalus spp.-Amygdalus scoparia - Salsola rigida and Poa bulbosa-Annual grass, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a correlation (P-Value<0.05) between habitat suitability for livestock and Gazelle in tow seasons of autumn (R=0.8) and winter (R=0.65). The suitable habitat of Gazelles in autumn season is shared in greater amount with the livestock. Conclusion: Based on the results, marginality of ecological niche of Gazelles narrows from autumn (1.05) to winter (1.48), whereas the ecological niche of the livestocks widens from autumn (0.927) to winter (0.836). The results show that pressure from the entry of livestock of villagers and nomads has been effective on narrowing the Gazelles’ ecological niche.
1- افتخاری. علیرضا، فرحپور. مهدی، ارزانی. حسین و عبدالهی. جلال، 1388، بررسی و مقایسه گونه‌های مورد چرای دام‌های اهلی (گوسفند و بز) و وحشی (آهو) در مراتع استپی منطقه پشت کوه یزد، مجله علوم و فنون کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی، سال سیزدهم، شماره چهل هفتم. صص 379-367.
2- Moineddin, H. 1993. Over view on rangelands management (range management projects), Journal of forest and rangeland, 17: 39-50.
3- احمدی. فاطمه، 1388، بررسی خصوصیات مرفولوژیکی و تولید مثلی آهوی ایرانی در حصار، گزارش طرح تحقیقاتی، مرکز تحقیقات منابع طبیعی و امور دام استان اصفهان
4- باغستانی. ناصر، 1380، جزوه درسی مقطع کارشناسی ارشد مرتعداری، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد میبد.
5- Çobanoğlu, A.E., 2010. Identification of Demographic Structure and Population Viability Analysis of Gazella subgutturosa in Şanlıurfa. Ms Thesis, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey.
6- Turan N., 1977. Ceylan (Gazella subgutturosa) Neslinin Korunması ve Geliştirilmesine Dair Rapor. Ministry of Forestry, Ankara.
7- Kingswood, S.C., Cowan, P.J., and Clayton, D.A., 2001. Kuwait, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 84 - 87.
8- Al-Robaae, K., and Kingswood, S.C., 2001. Iraq, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 88 - 92.
9- Hemami, M.R., and Groves, C.P. 2001. Iran, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 114-118.
10- Nowzari, H., Behrouzi Rad, B., Hemami, M.R., 2007. Habitat use by Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) in Bamoo National park during autumn and winter, Acta Zoologica Mexicana, 23, pp. 109–121.
11- Burmester, A.C., 2005. Socio-Economic Situation and Land Use Conflicts in Shirvan National Park Region, Azerbaijan, 167 pages.
12- Sheikh, K.M., and Molur, S., 2004. (Eds.) Status and Red List of Pakistan’s Mammals Based on the Conservation Assessment and Management Plan, IUCN, Pakistan, 312 pages.
13- Marmazinskaya, N.V., and Mardanov, B.K., 2001. Uzbekistan. In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 141-145.
14- Bekenov, A.B., Blank, D.A., Grachev Y.A., and Plakhov, K.N., 2001. Kazakhstan, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. pp, 134 – 140.
15- Czudek, R., 2006. Wildlife issues and development prospects in West and Central Asia, Thematic study for the Forestry Outlook Study for Africa. The wildlife management working papers of Food and Agriculture Organization. 65 pages.
16- Abdusalyamov, I.A., 2001. Tajikistan, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge. pp, 148 - 149.
17- 17-Toktosunov, A.T., and Mallon D.P., 2001. Kyrgyzstan, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 146 - 147.
18- Jiang, Z., and Sung W., 2001. China, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 168 - 177.
19- Lhagvasuren, B., Dulamtseren, S., and Amgalan, L., 2001. Mongolia, In: Mallon, D.P. and Kingswood, S.C. (eds.), Antelopes. Part 4: North Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Global Survey and Regional Action Plans. IUCN/SSC Antelope Specialist Group, IUCN, Gland and Cambridge, pp. 159 - 168.
20- کرمی. پیمان،1393، مدل‌سازی مطلوبیت زیستگاه آهوی ایرانی (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) در منطقه شکار ممنوع قراویز با استفاده از روش تجزیه و تحلیل آشیان اکولوژیک (ENFA)»، پایان نامه کارشناسی ارشد محیط زیست. دانشگاه هرمزگان، دانشکده کشاورزی و منابع طبیعی،121 صفحه.
21- James, C. D., J. Landsberg, and S. R. Morton. 1999. Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota. Journal of Arid Environments 41:87-121.
22- Keya, G.A. 1998. Herbaceous layer production and utilization by herbivores under different
23- Ecological coaditions in an arid savanna of Kenya. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 69, 55-67
24- اسلامی. علی، نیک بین. سیمین و رهبری. ص،1335، کرم های ریوی گوسفند وحشی (Ovis ammon orientalis) و آهو (Gazella subgutturosa) در ایران، نامه دانشکده دام پزشکی، شماره 35 ،صص 15-11.
25- Hayatgheib, D., Karami, M., Farahmand, H. Mehrabani-yeganeh, H Farhadinia, M.S.2011. Morphological study and comparison of western and eastern goitered gazelle (Gazellasubgutturosa: Gueldenstaedt, 1780) Populations in Iran. Int. J. Environ. Res., 5(1):225-232, Winter 2011 ISSN: 1735-6865.115.
26- قیطوری. محمد، انصاری. ناصر، سندگل. عباسعلی و حشمتی. مسیب، 1385، عوامل موثر در تخریب مراتع استان کرمانشاه، فصلنامه علمی – پژوهشی تحقیقات مرتع و بیابان ایران، جلد 13، شماره 4، صص 323-314.
27- Campos-Arceiz, A., Takatsukı, S., and Lhagvasuren, B., 2004. Food overlap between Mongolian gazelles and livestock in Omnogobi, southern Mongolia. Ecological Research, 19, pp. 455–460.
28- 27-Attum, O., 2007. Can landscape use be among the factors that potentially make some ungulates species more difficult to conserve? Journal of Arid Environments, 69, pp. 410–419.
29- Cunningham, P.L., 2009. Observations of the seasonal dietary preference of Gazella subgutturosa marica Thomas, 1897(Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae) along foraging trails of central Saudi Arabia. Journal of Theratened Taxa, 1(9), pp. 445-449.
30- Wenxuan, XU., Canjun, XIA., Jie,LIN., Weikang, YANG., David A, BLANK., Jianfang, QIAO1 and Wei,LIU.2012. Diet of Gazella subgutturosa (Güldenstaedt, 1780) and food overlap with domestic sheep in Xinjiang, China. Folia Zool. 61 (1): 54–60.
31- Bagherirad, E., Amirkhani, M., Mesdaghi, M and Norhayati, A.2012. A Comparative Study of the Effects of Gazelle and Livestock Grazing on the Plant Community Characteristics on the Steppe Habitat of Golestan National Park, Iran,International Researcher Volume No.1 Issue No. 1
32- رمضانی زاده. سپیده، منصوری. جمشید، دهدار درگاهی. محمد و شمس اسفند آباد. بهمن،1391، ارزیابی زیستگاه آهوی ایرانی (Gazella subgutturosa subgutturosa) در پارک ملی سالوک با استفاده از روش تحلیل عاملی آشیان بوم شناختی (ENFA) ، اولین کنفرانس ملی راهکار های دستیابی به توسعه پایدار در بخش‌های کشاورزی، منابع طبیعی و محیط زیست، 8 صفحه.
33- مخدوم. مجید، درویش صفت. علی اصغر، جعفر زاده. هورفر و مخدوم. عبدالرضا،1390، ارزیابی و برنامه ریزی محیط زیست با سامانه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (GIS)، انتشارات دانشگاه تهران، چاپ پنجم،303 صفحه.
34- ملکی نجف آبادی. سعیده، همامی. محمورضا، ماهینی. عبدالرسول و راهداری. وحید، 1389، استفاده از سامانههای اطلاعات جغرافیایی جهت مدیریت زیستگاه حیات وحش: مطالعه موردی قوچ و میش اصفهانی (Ovis orientalis isfahanica) در پناهگاه حیات وحش موته، نشریه محیط زیست طبیعی، مجله منابع طبیعی ایران، دوره 63، شمار 3، صص 279 تا 290.
35- Giovanelli, J.G.R.; De Siqueira, M.F.; Haddad, C.F.B.; Alexandrino, J.2010. Modeling a spatially restricted distribution in the Neotropics: how the size of calibration area affects the performance of five presence-only methods, Ecological Modelling. 221, 215–224.
_||_