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Manuscript ID : JEST-2103-5330 (R1) Visit : 193 Page: 77 - 91

10.22034/jest.2021.59586.5330

Article Type: Original Research

Examining changes in the ecological structure of four hills in Sanandaj using object-oriented method and metrics of continuity and complexity

Subject Areas : Sustainable cities

Milad Zandsalimi 1 , Bakhtiar Bahrami 2

1 - Master of Urban Design, University of Kurdistan, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Urban Planning & Design, University of Kurdistan, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)

Received: 2021-07-26 Accepted : 2022-02-14 Published : 2022-12-22

Keywords: Ecological structure, Landscape changes, Hill, Landscape Ecology,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: Hills, as one of the main components of the ecological structure in a hilly town, are influenced by human actions and affect them. The landscape Ecology Approach examines diverse ecosystems at different scales and balances human actions and natural processes. In this study, changes in the ecological structure of four significant hills in Sanandaj (Tosonozar, Nishtman, Mellat, and Didgah) were investigated using Google Earth images and two ecological metrics over 16 years (2020-2004). Material and Methodology: The ecological structure of these hills was investigated by object-oriented method in six classification categories and their changes. Also, by using FRAGSTATS 4.2 software, the status of two ecological indicators, FRAC and CONTIGH, were calculated and checked in the hills until 6/20/2019. Findings: Man-made elements have increased (19%) in all hills, especially in Nishtman. Also, rangeland cover has decreased (32%), especially in Tusunozar and Nazgah hills. The complexity of landscape spots in all hills except Toos-Nozar has increased. Also, the continuity Toos-Nozar has decreased except Toos-Nozar hill. Discussion and Conclusion: The elimination of pastures and plant species, the increase in recent fires and droughts, and the increase in human interventions such as construction and motorways, the cohesion and ecological flows of these hills have posed a severe threat. Simplification while homogeneity of landscape components in Toos-Nozar hill indicates the distance of landscape components from their natural state. The decrease in continuity in the three hills, including Mellat, Didgah, and Nishtman, indicates an increase in fragmentation and discontinuity in these hills' natural landscapes.

References:


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_||_

  1. Rapoport A. Human aspects of urban form: towards a man-environment approach to urban form and design [text]. Oxford؛ New York: Pergamon Press ؛
    2.
  2. Wu J, Hobbs R. Key issues and research priorities in landscape ecology: An idiosyncratic synthesis. Landscape Ecology. 2002؛ 17(4): 355-65.
    3.
  3. Turner MG, Gardner RH. Landscape ecology in theory and practice: pattern and process [text]. New York, NY: Springer, ؛
    4.
  4. Chang Q، Su W-X، Wang H. Research progress on application of landscape ecology in landscape architecture. Ying yong sheng tai xue bao. 2019؛ 30:3991-4002.
    5.
  5. Snep R, Opdam P. Integrating nature values in urban planning and design. Urban ecology. 2010:261-86.
    6.
  6. Frank S, Fürst C، Koschke L, Makeschin F. A contribution towards a transfer of the ecosystem service concept to landscape planning using landscape metrics. Ecological Indicators. 2012؛ 21:30-8.
    7.
  7. Leitao AB، Ahern J. Applying landscape ecological concepts and metrics in sustainable landscape planning. Landscape and urban planning. 2002؛ 59(2): 65-93.
    8.
  8. elik F. Ecological Landscape Design. 2013.
    9.
  9. Chen J. Key topics in landscape ecology. Choice: Current Reviews for Academic Libraries. 2008؛ 45(5): 842.
    10.
  10. Norton B, Evans K, Warren P. Urban Biodiversity and Landscape Ecology: Patterns, Processes and Planning. Current Landscape Ecology Reports. 2016؛ 1:178–92.
    11.
  11. Wu J, He C, Huang G, Yu D. Urban Landscape Ecology: Past، Present, and Future. Landscape Ecology for Sustainable Environment and Culture. 2013:37-53.
    12.
  12. Kapoor N, Jain M، Bansal V. GIS-Based Framework for Local Spatial Planning in Hill Areas. International Review for Spatial Planning and Sustainable Development. 2019؛ 7:113-30.
    13.
  13. Hall P. Cities of tomorrow: an intellectual history of urban planning and design since 18802014.
    14.
  14. Milovanović A، Rodić DM, Maruna M. Eighty-year review of the evolution of landscape ecology: from a spatial planning perspective. Landscape Ecology. 2020:1-21.
    15.
  15. Chen X,، Xu D, Fadelelseed S، Li L. Analysis on Landscape Ecological Design in Landscape Architecture. Research in Ecology. 2019؛
    16.
  16. Groom G, Mücher C, Ihse M، Wrbka T. Remote sensing in landscape ecology: experiences and perspectives in a European context. Landscape Ecology. 2006؛ 21(3): 391-408.
    17.
  17. Newman E, Kennedy M, Falk D، McKenzie D. Scaling and Complexity in Landscape Ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 2019؛ 7:293.
    18.
  18. Naveh Z، Lieberman AS. Landscape ecology: theory and application: Springer Science & Business Media؛
    19.
  19. Hong SK, Song IJ, Kim HO, Lee EK. Landscape pattern and its effect on ecosystem functions in Seoul Metropolitan area: urban ecology on distribution of the naturalized plant species. J Environ Sci (China). 2003؛ 15(2): 199-204.
    20.
  20. Hokema D, Koura H, Jiraprasertkun C، Makhzoumi J. International Concepts of Landscapes، Theory Basis. In: Bruns D, Kühne O, Schönwald A, Theile S, Landscape Culture - Culturing Landscapes: The Differentiated Construction of Landscapes. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden؛ 2015. p. 67-126.
    21.
  21. Downey I, Petch J. Landscape ecology as an operational framework for environmental GIS: Zdarske Vrchy, Landscape ecology as an operational framework for environmental GIS: Zdarske Vrchy, Czechoslovakia. 1991:151-8.
    22.
  22. Zonneveld IS. Land ecology: an introduction to landscape ecology as a base for land evaluation، land management and conservation. Amsterdam: SPB Academic Publishing؛ xii، 199 p. p.
    23.
  23. Lopez RD, Frohn RC. Remote sensing for landscape ecology: monitoring، modeling, and assessment of ecosystems. Second edition. ed2020. xv، 269 pages p.
    24.
  24. Dramstad WE, Forman RTT, Olson JD. Landscape ecology principles in landscape architecture and land-use planning. Cambridge؟ American Society of Landscape Architects؛ 1996.80 p. p.
    25.
  25. Zhai D, Xia H. Research on Land Use Ecological Security Pattern Construction of Hilly Cities in Hunan. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2019؛ 330:032080.
    26.
  26. Barrett GW, Barrett TL, Wu J, SpringerLink (Online service). History of landscape ecology in the United States [text]2015. Available from: SpringerLink - Full text online
    27.
  27. Zexin L, Bo L, Rong W, Zhi L. Study on Fractal Characteristics of Hilly City. Journal of Applied Sciences. 2013؛ 13:1155-9.
    28.
  28. Bahrami B, Bahrainy S, Diba D. Spatial Organization of Public Space in Hilly Settlements، Case Study: Sanandaj Hills (Text in Persian). 2013؛ 6:35-48.
    29.
  29. Falahatkar H, Aminzadeh B. The sense of place and its influence on place branding: a case study of Sanandaj natural landscape in Iran. Landscape Research. 2017؛ 45(1): 123-36.
    30.
  30. Alizadeh H, Bahrami B، Farahani LM. Geophysical setting and urban form of a traditional city: examination of the Kurdish city of Sanandaj, Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Urban Design and Planning. 2019؛ 172(6): 237-47.
    31.
  31. Zandsalimi M, Bahrami B. Examining of visual assessment relations and ecological Metrics in the landscape of Sanandaj hills Journal of Environmental Science Studies. 2021؛ (In Persian)
    32.
  32. Wang Z, Wei W, Zhao S, Chen X, Object-oriented classification and application in land use classification using SPOT-5 PAN imagery. IGARSS 2004 2004 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium؛ 2004: IEEE.
    33.
  33. Shao G, Wu J. On the accuracy of landscape pattern analysis using remote sensing data. Landscape Ecology. 2008؛ 23(5): 505-11.
    34.
  34. Hong L, Zhang M. Object-oriented multiscale deep features for hyperspectral image classification. International Journal of Remote Sensing. 2020؛ 41(14): 5549-72.
    35.
  35. Goldblatt R, You W, Hanson G، Khandelwal AK. Detecting the boundaries of urban areas in india: A dataset for pixel-based image classification in google earth engine. Remote Sensing. 2016؛ 8(8): 634.
    36.
  36. Eckert S, Ghebremicael ST, Hurni H, Kohler T. Identification and classification of structural soil conservation measures based on very high resolution stereo satellite data. Journal of environmental management. 2017؛ 193:592-606.
    37.
  37. Bahrami, B, Irandoost, K & Alizadeh, H. Spatial planning for hills of Sanandaj: organizing green and open spaces, creating public spaces, and considering the natural landscape (in Persian).2019،DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.16904.03841,
    38.

 

 

 

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