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Manuscript ID : JEST-1609-2981 (R2) Visit : 211 Page: 147 - 162

10.30495/jest.2020.20774.2981

Article Type: Original Research

Study of the Potential Pollution of Heavy Metals in Sediments of Anzali Wetland Based on Sequential Extraction Technique

Subject Areas : sediment

samira behravesh 1 * , alireza pourkhabbaz 2 , Mohammad Ebrahimpour 3

1 - Ph. D of Environmental Pollution, Department of Environment, Faculity of Natural Resources, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfehan, Iran *(Corresponding Author).
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Birjand Univercity, Birjand, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, Birjand Univercity, Birjand, Iran.

Received: 2016-09-10 Accepted : 2017-08-09 Published : 2021-09-23

Keywords: Surface sediment, Anzali Wetland, Pollution, Heavy Metals, sequential extraction technique,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: In present century, population growth, technology development and agriculture development are causing environmental pollutions. Many pollutants are entering into the environment by humans; one of the major environmental pollutants is heavy metals which enter to the aquatic ecosystems. These elements are very stable and because of their toxic effects and accumulation have a particular importance. Level of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems like wetland by measuring their concentration in water, sediments and organisms is considered. Sediments are the potential source of contamination in aquatic environments and act as sink for pollutants. As forms of heavy metals are varying to make different mobility, bioavailability and toxicity, the measurement of total elements cannot provide the complete information of the characteristics of heavy metals. Therefore, sequential extraction processes of elements of sediments have been developed.Material and Methodology: In this study, concentration of cadmium, copper, lead, zinc and chromium in surface of sediments at the southwest regions of Anzali wetland were studied by sequential extraction process in four stages. Sediments were sampled from six sites by Grab sampler. Concentration of elements in these samples was determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS).Findings: Average concentrations of elements in the sequential extraction method showed that metals rates in the different fractions was: Residual > Organic Oxidation > Acid Reduction > Exchangeable. In total, metals concentration in sediment samples of the southwest of Anzali wetland was: Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Cd.Discussion and Conclusion: Geochemical Accumulation Index (Igeo) was calculated for these elements. According to this factor, cadmium pollution in this area was moderate (Igeo=1.65). Other elements had shown no pollution. Individual Contamination Factor (ICF) for heavy metals calculated, also. These results showed that lead and chromium had the highest bioavailability so they can be dangerous for organisms.

References:


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  27. Zerbe, J., Sobczyński, T., Elbanowska, H., and Siepak, J., 1999. Speciation of heavy metals in bottom sediments of lakes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 8, pp. 331-339.
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_||_

  1. Ganjidoust, H., Ayati, B., Khara, H., Khodaparast, S.H., Akbarzadeh, A., Ahmadzadeh Layeghi, T., Ali Nezami, S., Zolfi Nejhad, K. 2009. Investigation of Environmental Pollution in Shiah Keshim Wetland. Environmental Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 117-132.
    2.
  2. Babaie, H. 2012. Evaluation of outflow wastewater of cold aquaculture farms and its impact on agricultural farms (Zanjan Province). National Inland Water Aquaculture Institute. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute.
    3.
  3. Ghiassi, R., Mahjoub, A., Yousefi, S. 2008. Modeling of flow behavior in Anzali Wetland crater, introduction to environmental modeling. 4th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Tehran University. pp. 1-5.
    4.
  4. Samaie, S.M. 2008. Evaluation of lead and cadmium content in water, suspended sediments and fish muscle tissue in Gharechai River. Master thesis, Trabiat Modares University. pp. 1-41.
    5.
  5. Babaie, H., Khodaparast, S.H., Abedini, A. 2006. Measurement of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb) in surface sediments of Anzali Wetland. 4th Iranian Conference of Engineering Geology and the Environment. Trabiat Modares University. pp. 946-954.
    6.
  6. Sartaj, M., Fatollahi, F., Filizadeh, Y. 2005. An investigation of the evolution of distribution and accumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb) in Anzali Wetland’s sediments.  Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 623-634.
    7.
  7. Ebadati, F., Esmaeili Sari, A., Riyahi Bakhtiari, A.R. 2005. The measure and change style of heavy metals in aquatic plant organs and sediments of Meskaleh Wetland. Vol. 31. No. 37, pp. 53-57.
    8.
  8. Babaie, H., Khodaparast, S.H., Abedini, A. 2006. Contamination of sediments with heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb in the east of Anzali Wetland. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 9-15.
    9.
  9. Ebrahimpour, E., and Mushrifah, I., 2008. Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cu and Pb) in five aquatic plant species in Tasik Chini, Malaysia. Environmental Geology. Vol. 54, pp. 689–698.
    10.
  10. Adams W.J., Kimerle R.A., and Barnett J.W., 1992. Sediment quality and aquatic life assessment. Environment. Vol. 26, pp. 1865-1875.
    11.
  11. Rabbani, M., Jafarabadi Ashtiyani, A., Mehrdad Sharif, A.A. 2008. Measurement of heavy metals pollution (nickel, lead and mercury) in Persian Gulf sediments - Assaluyeh Operational Area. Journal of Exploration & Production. Vol. 51, pp. 53-57.
    12.
  12. Ebrahimpour, M., and Mushrifah, I., 2008. Heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments in Tasik Chini a freshwater lake, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol. 141, pp. 297-307.
    13.
  13. Jian-feng P., Yong-hui S., Peng Y., Xiao-yu C., and Guang-lei Q., 2009. The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Vol. 161, pp. 633-640.
    14.
  14. Karbasi, A., Nabi Bidhendi, G.R., Ghazban, F., Kokabi Habibzadeh, Sh. 2010. Chemical separation of elements and investigation of pollution intensity in the sediments of Siahrood River. Journal of Environmental Studies. No. 35, pp. 11-20.
    15.
  15. Lasheen, M.R., and Ammar, N.S. 2009. Speciation of some heavy metals in River Nile sediments, Cairo, Egypt. Environmentalist. Vol. 29, pp. 8–16.
    16.
  16. Naji, A., Ismail, A., and Ismail A.R., 2010.Chemical speciation and contamination assessment of Zn and Cd by sequential extraction in surface sediment of Klang River, Malaysia. Microchemical Journal.Vol. 95, pp. 285-292.
    17.
  17. Andrade Passos, E., Jeferson C. Alves, Izaias S. dos Santos, Jose do Patrocinio H. Alves, Carlos Alexandre B. Garcia, and Antonio C. Spinola Costa. 2010. Assessment of trace metals contamination in estuarine sediments using a sequential extraction technique and principal component analysis. Microchemical Journal Vol. 96, pp. 50–57.
    18.
  18. Dindar Esferoushani, A. 2007. Master thesis of construction-environment engineering. Tehran University.
    19.
  19. Karbasi, A., Bayati, A. 2008. Share of natural and anthropogenic sources in distribution of heavy metals in a sediment core from Zarivar Lake. Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 34, pp. 31-36.
    20.
  20. Nezami Balouchi, Sh., Khara, H., Jamalzadeh Fallah, H., Akbarzadeh, A. 2006. Survey factors of water physical and chemical in Anzali Wetland, its inlet and outlet rivers. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi No:73, pp: 76-83.
    21.
  21. Paydar, M., Sharif Fazeli, M., Riyahi Bakhtiyari, A. 2003. Measurement of heavy metals concentration in freshwater King Shrimp of Anzali wetland. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. Vol. 12, pp. 1-14.
    22.
  22. Tizkar, M. 2000. Determination of minimum lethal amount of linear anion detergents on two species of Anzali wet fish, Baleen and Whitefish. Master thesis of Environmental sciences. Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. pp. 25-30.
    23.
  23. Ebrahimpour, M., and Mushrifah, I., 2009. Variation and correlations of selected heavy metals in sediment and aquatic plants in Tasik Chini, Malaysia Environmental Geology. Vol. 57, pp. 823-831.
    24.
  24. Behravesh, S., Pourkhabbaz, A.R. 2013. Influence of particle size of sediment on heavy metals accumulation )Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb) in surface sediments of Anzali Wetland. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology. Vol. 5, No. 16, pp. 75-82.
    25.
  25. Chandra Sekhar, K., Chary, N.S., Kamala, C.T., Suman Raj, D.S., and Sreenivasa Rao, A., 2003. Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru Lake by edible fish. Environmental International. Vol. 29, pp. 1001-1008.
    26.
  26. Kim, Yeongkyoo, Byoung-Ki Kim, and Kangjoo Kim. 2010. Distribution and speciation of heavy metals and their sources in Kumho River sediment, Korea. Environmental Earth Sciences. Vol. 60, pp. 943-952.
    27.
  27. Zerbe, J., Sobczyński, T., Elbanowska, H., and Siepak, J., 1999. Speciation of heavy metals in bottom sediments of lakes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 8, pp. 331-339.
    28.
  28. Mazinani, Z. 2009. Concentration and origin of heavy elements in sediment of Bushehr Coast (Persian Gulf). Master thesis. Tehran University.
    29.
  29. Malakouti, M.J., Homaie, M. 2004. Fertility of arid soils, problems and solutions. Publication of Tarbiat Modarres University.
    30.
  30. Ardebili, L., Rafiei, B., Khodaparast Sharifi, S.H., Mohseni, H. 2006. Distribution of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface sediments of Anzali Wetland. 10th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran
    31.
  31. Babaei, H., Khodaparast, S.H. 2009. Evaluation of surface water pollution with emphasis on wastewater of industrial centers (Gilan Province). 12th National Congress of Environmental Health. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Pp. 1222-1233.
    32.
  32. Saaedi, M., Abessi, O., Jamshidi, A. 2010. Assessment of heavy metal and oil pollution of sediments of south eastern Caspian Sea using indices. Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 36, No. 53, pp. 21-38.
    33.

 

 

 

  1. Ganjidoust, H., Ayati, B., Khara, H., Khodaparast, S.H., Akbarzadeh, A., Ahmadzadeh Layeghi, T., Ali Nezami, S., Zolfi Nejhad, K. 2009. Investigation of Environmental Pollution in Shiah Keshim Wetland. Environmental Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 3, pp. 117-132.
    2.
  2. Babaie, H. 2012. Evaluation of outflow wastewater of cold aquaculture farms and its impact on agricultural farms (Zanjan Province). National Inland Water Aquaculture Institute. Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute.
    3.
  3. Ghiassi, R., Mahjoub, A., Yousefi, S. 2008. Modeling of flow behavior in Anzali Wetland crater, introduction to environmental modeling. 4th National Congress on Civil Engineering, Tehran University. pp. 1-5.
    4.
  4. Samaie, S.M. 2008. Evaluation of lead and cadmium content in water, suspended sediments and fish muscle tissue in Gharechai River. Master thesis, Trabiat Modares University. pp. 1-41.
    5.
  5. Babaie, H., Khodaparast, S.H., Abedini, A. 2006. Measurement of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb) in surface sediments of Anzali Wetland. 4th Iranian Conference of Engineering Geology and the Environment. Trabiat Modares University. pp. 946-954.
    6.
  6. Sartaj, M., Fatollahi, F., Filizadeh, Y. 2005. An investigation of the evolution of distribution and accumulation of heavy metals (Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Zn and Pb) in Anzali Wetland’s sediments.  Iranian Journal of Natural Resources. Vol. 58, No. 3, pp. 623-634.
    7.
  7. Ebadati, F., Esmaeili Sari, A., Riyahi Bakhtiari, A.R. 2005. The measure and change style of heavy metals in aquatic plant organs and sediments of Meskaleh Wetland. Vol. 31. No. 37, pp. 53-57.
    8.
  8. Babaie, H., Khodaparast, S.H., Abedini, A. 2006. Contamination of sediments with heavy metals Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb in the east of Anzali Wetland. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 9-15.
    9.
  9. Ebrahimpour, E., and Mushrifah, I., 2008. Heavy metal concentrations (Cd, Cu and Pb) in five aquatic plant species in Tasik Chini, Malaysia. Environmental Geology. Vol. 54, pp. 689–698.
    10.
  10. Adams W.J., Kimerle R.A., and Barnett J.W., 1992. Sediment quality and aquatic life assessment. Environment. Vol. 26, pp. 1865-1875.
    11.
  11. Rabbani, M., Jafarabadi Ashtiyani, A., Mehrdad Sharif, A.A. 2008. Measurement of heavy metals pollution (nickel, lead and mercury) in Persian Gulf sediments - Assaluyeh Operational Area. Journal of Exploration & Production. Vol. 51, pp. 53-57.
    12.
  12. Ebrahimpour, M., and Mushrifah, I., 2008. Heavy metal concentrations in water and sediments in Tasik Chini a freshwater lake, Malaysia. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. Vol. 141, pp. 297-307.
    13.
  13. Jian-feng P., Yong-hui S., Peng Y., Xiao-yu C., and Guang-lei Q., 2009. The remediation of heavy metals contaminated sediment. Journal of Hazardous Materials. Vol. 161, pp. 633-640.
    14.
  14. Karbasi, A., Nabi Bidhendi, G.R., Ghazban, F., Kokabi Habibzadeh, Sh. 2010. Chemical separation of elements and investigation of pollution intensity in the sediments of Siahrood River. Journal of Environmental Studies. No. 35, pp. 11-20.
    15.
  15. Lasheen, M.R., and Ammar, N.S. 2009. Speciation of some heavy metals in River Nile sediments, Cairo, Egypt. Environmentalist. Vol. 29, pp. 8–16.
    16.
  16. Naji, A., Ismail, A., and Ismail A.R., 2010.Chemical speciation and contamination assessment of Zn and Cd by sequential extraction in surface sediment of Klang River, Malaysia. Microchemical Journal.Vol. 95, pp. 285-292.
    17.
  17. Andrade Passos, E., Jeferson C. Alves, Izaias S. dos Santos, Jose do Patrocinio H. Alves, Carlos Alexandre B. Garcia, and Antonio C. Spinola Costa. 2010. Assessment of trace metals contamination in estuarine sediments using a sequential extraction technique and principal component analysis. Microchemical Journal Vol. 96, pp. 50–57.
    18.
  18. Dindar Esferoushani, A. 2007. Master thesis of construction-environment engineering. Tehran University.
    19.
  19. Karbasi, A., Bayati, A. 2008. Share of natural and anthropogenic sources in distribution of heavy metals in a sediment core from Zarivar Lake. Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 34, pp. 31-36.
    20.
  20. Nezami Balouchi, Sh., Khara, H., Jamalzadeh Fallah, H., Akbarzadeh, A. 2006. Survey factors of water physical and chemical in Anzali Wetland, its inlet and outlet rivers. Pajouhesh & Sazandegi No:73, pp: 76-83.
    21.
  21. Paydar, M., Sharif Fazeli, M., Riyahi Bakhtiyari, A. 2003. Measurement of heavy metals concentration in freshwater King Shrimp of Anzali wetland. Iranian Scientific Fisheries Journal. Vol. 12, pp. 1-14.
    22.
  22. Tizkar, M. 2000. Determination of minimum lethal amount of linear anion detergents on two species of Anzali wet fish, Baleen and Whitefish. Master thesis of Environmental sciences. Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, Tehran. pp. 25-30.
    23.
  23. Ebrahimpour, M., and Mushrifah, I., 2009. Variation and correlations of selected heavy metals in sediment and aquatic plants in Tasik Chini, Malaysia Environmental Geology. Vol. 57, pp. 823-831.
    24.
  24. Behravesh, S., Pourkhabbaz, A.R. 2013. Influence of particle size of sediment on heavy metals accumulation )Cd,Cr,Cu,Zn,Pb) in surface sediments of Anzali Wetland. Journal of Wetland Ecobiology. Vol. 5, No. 16, pp. 75-82.
    25.
  25. Chandra Sekhar, K., Chary, N.S., Kamala, C.T., Suman Raj, D.S., and Sreenivasa Rao, A., 2003. Fractionation studies and bioaccumulation of sediment-bound heavy metals in Kolleru Lake by edible fish. Environmental International. Vol. 29, pp. 1001-1008.
    26.
  26. Kim, Yeongkyoo, Byoung-Ki Kim, and Kangjoo Kim. 2010. Distribution and speciation of heavy metals and their sources in Kumho River sediment, Korea. Environmental Earth Sciences. Vol. 60, pp. 943-952.
    27.
  27. Zerbe, J., Sobczyński, T., Elbanowska, H., and Siepak, J., 1999. Speciation of heavy metals in bottom sediments of lakes. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 8, pp. 331-339.
    28.
  28. Mazinani, Z. 2009. Concentration and origin of heavy elements in sediment of Bushehr Coast (Persian Gulf). Master thesis. Tehran University.
    29.
  29. Malakouti, M.J., Homaie, M. 2004. Fertility of arid soils, problems and solutions. Publication of Tarbiat Modarres University.
    30.
  30. Ardebili, L., Rafiei, B., Khodaparast Sharifi, S.H., Mohseni, H. 2006. Distribution of Pb, Cd, Cu and Zn in surface sediments of Anzali Wetland. 10th Symposium of Geological Society of Iran
    31.
  31. Babaei, H., Khodaparast, S.H. 2009. Evaluation of surface water pollution with emphasis on wastewater of industrial centers (Gilan Province). 12th National Congress of Environmental Health. Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. Pp. 1222-1233.
    32.
  32. Saaedi, M., Abessi, O., Jamshidi, A. 2010. Assessment of heavy metal and oil pollution of sediments of south eastern Caspian Sea using indices. Journal of Environmental Studies. Vol. 36, No. 53, pp. 21-38.
    33.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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