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Manuscript ID : JEST-1608-2911 (R1) Visit : 152 Page: 169 - 181

10.22034/jest.2018.20105.2911

Article Type: Original Research

Modelling of Input Phosphate Load to the Caspian Sea from Tajan Watershed Using Soil and Water Assesment Tool

Subject Areas : Water and Environment

ّFatemeh Rajaei 1 , Reza Dahmardeh Behrooz 2 , Mostafa Gholipour 3

1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Sciences.Faculty of Sciences, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
3 - ‌Ph.D. Graduated in the Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran.

Received: 2017-08-12 Accepted : 2018-10-18 Published : 2020-10-22

Keywords: Caspian Sea, Phosphate, Tajan watershed, SWAT model, Season Changes,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: The development of agriculture to respond to growing need for food causes more consumption of chemical fertilizers and water ecosystems pollution. Therefore, in this study estimation of nutrients from non-point sources, the amount of exceed than standard level, evaluation of phosphate pollution input from Tajan watershed to the Caspian Sea is a priority for watershed health assessment. Method: In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) for the simulation of phosphate during the years from 2001 to 2014 were used. Findings: The results showed that annual phosphate during 2001 to 2014, from about 29,000 to 102,900 kg in watershed output were different. Phosphate in winter and autumn were allocated 98 percent of total annual load. The highest levels of phosphate were in February (an average of 11 621 kg) and lowest in June (average 0.7 kg). Also, phosphate concentration was higher than drinking water quality standards (0.2 mg/l) in most subbasins.   Discussion and Conclusion: It is necessary to reduce the phosphatein in these subbasins. They should be prioritized in water quality management programs. Also, results showed that the SWAT model can be a useful tool for pollution reduction strategies.  

References:


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  1. Jafarian, W., Badripour, H., Nayeb Abbasi, M., 2013. Green exploitation in agriculture with emphasis on environmental issues and natural resources, forests and rangelands, No. 98, 6-11.
    2.
  2. Malakouti, M. J., 2010. The relationship between optimal fertilizer use and production of healthy agricultural products, Journal of Crop and Weed Ecophysiology, 16, 133-150.
    3.
  3. National Action Caspian.2005.Caspian Environment Program (CEP). Pollution. st Ed.
    4.
  4. Kang, MS., Park, SW., Lee, J.J. 2006. Yoo KH. Applying SWAT for TMDL programs to a small watershed containing rice paddy field. Agricultural Water Management, 79, 72–92.
    5.
  5. Schilling, K. E., Wolter, C.F. 2009. Modeling nitrate-nitrogen load reduction strategies for the Des Moines River, Iowa Using SWAT. Environmental Management, 44 (4), 671–682.            
    6.
  6. Ballantine, D., Walling, D.E., Leeks, G.J. 2009. Mobilization and transport of sediment- associated phosphorus by surface runoff. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 196, 311-320.
    7.
  7. Natha, S.B., Allan, J.D., Dolan, D.M., et al.  2011. Application of the Soil and Water Assessment Tool for six watersheds of Lake Erie: Model parameterization and calibration. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 37 (2), 263–271.
    8.
  8. Niraula, R., Kalin, L., Srivastava, P., Anderson, Ch. 2013. Identifying critical source areas of Nonpoint source pollution with SWAT and GWLF. Ecological Modelling, 268, 123–133.
    9.
  9. Karamooz, M., Ahmadi, A., Taheriun, M., 2009. Evaluating the effects of the best management strategies in the watershed on the quantitative and qualitative exploitation of the reservoir, Iranian watershed management science and engineering, 3 (9), 9-16.
    10.
  10. Imani Amirabad, S., Delavar, M., Nikoskhan, M.H., 2010. The temporal effect of different land uses on the water quality of Zaribar Lake Iranian Geological Quarterly, No. 36, 44-57.
    11.
  11. Mohammadi, J., Shataee, S. 2010. Possibility investigation of tree diversity mapping using Landsat ETM data in the Hyrcanian forests of Iran. Remote Sens. Environ, 114, 1504–1512.
    12.
  12. Salman Mahini, A., Fazli, H., Daryanbard, R., Kamyab, H., Fenderski, F., Davar, L., Azarmodel, H., Mehri, A., Khairabadi, V., 1390. Zoning and determining the degree of ecological sensitivity of coastal areas, Environmental Protection Organization, 231 pages
    13.
  13. American Public Health Association) APHA(.  1992. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater .18th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
    14.
  14. Abbaspour, K.C., Yang, J., Maximov, I., etal. 2007. Modelling hydrology and water quality in the pre-alpine/alpine Thur watershed using SWAT. J. Hydrol, 333, 413-430.
    15.
  15. Moriasi, D.N., Arnold, J.G. 2007. Model evaluation guideline for systematic quantification of accuracy in watershed simulation. T. ASABE, 50 (3), 885- 900.
    16.
  16. Somura, H., TakedaI, Arnold, J.G., Mori, Y., Jeong, J., Kannan, N., Hoffman, D. 2012. Impact of suspended sediment and nutrient loading from land uses against water quality in the Hii River basin, Japan. Journal of Hydrology, 450–451 (5), 25–35.
    17.
  17. Turner, R.E., Rabalais, N.N. 2003. Linking landscape and water quality in the Mississippi River Basin for 200 years. BioScience, 53 (6), 563-572.
    18.
  18. Mehrdadi, N., Ghobadi, M., Nasrabadi, T., Hoveidi, H. 2006. Evaluation of the quality and self-purification potential of Tajan River using qual2E model. Iran. J. Environ. Health. Sci. Eng, 3, 199-204. 
    19.
  19.  Ahmadi Mamghani, Y., Khorasani, N., Rafiei, G.R., 1389. Study of pollutants and water quality of Tajan River, Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, 317 (4), 357-363.
    20.
  20. Razavian M.1383. Effects of Mazandaran Wood and Paper Factory on Water Quality of Tajan River. Azad University of Research Sciences. Master Thesis.
    21.
  21. Shi, Z.H., Ai, L., Yin, W., Huang, X. 2015. Spatial and seasonal patterns in stream water contamination across mountainous watersheds: Linkage with landscape characteristics. Journal of Hydrology, 2013, 523, 398–408.
    22.
  22. Shen, Z., Hou, X., Li, W., Ainia, G., Chen, L., Gong, Y.  2015. Impact of landscape pattern at multiple spatial scales on water quality: A case study in a typical urbanised watershed in China. Ecological Indicators, 48, 417–427.
    23.
  23. Rast, W., Thornton, J. 1996. Trend in Eutrophivation research and control. Hydrological Process, (10), 295-313.
    24.

 

 




 



 

 

 

 

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