District 21 of Tehran Municipality Soil Condition in Terms of Contamination with Some Heavy Metals
Subject Areas :
Environmental pollutions (water, soil and air)
Fataneh Valinejad
1
,
Azadeh Arbabi Sabzevari
2
,
Reza Borna
3
1 - PhD Student in Meteorology, Department of Geography, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Associate Professor, Department of Geography, Islamshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran *(Corresponding Author)
3 - - Assistant Professor, Department of Geography, Ahvaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahvaz, Iran.
Received: 2021-02-11
Accepted : 2021-03-08
Published : 2021-09-23
Keywords:
west of Tehran,
soil,
Pollution indicators,
heavy elements,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Increasing consumption of chemical compounds in industrial processes has led to the accumulation of pollutants, including heavy metals, which are very costly and difficult to absorb from the environment. The purpose of this applied research is to investigate the level of cadmium, chromium and lead contamination in the soil of western Tehran using pollution, enrichment and land geoaccumulation indices and pollution factors.Material and Methodology: In order to evaluate the concentration of heavy elements in the study area, sampling was done in all three areas of District 21 of Tehran Municipality and 10 samples from each area with three replications and a total of 90 samples were prepared in the spring of 2020 and the concentrations of cadmium, lead and chromium in Soltani acid extract was measured using an atomic absorption spectrometer. The present study is one of the descriptive-analytical researches and its data are of primary type which has been prepared by two methods of documentary and field studies.Findings: The accumulation of these elements has been created in the surface soil. The mean concentrations of the studied elements in zones two and three were higher than one. The topsoil of area three had higher amounts of lead, cadmium and chromium than the other two areas, but these values were not significantly different from area two. The average amounts of lead, chromium and cadmium for the region were 38.1, 9.1 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. The enrichment index in zones two and three was more than one, but the numerical value of this index was less than one in zones one. Geoaccumulation index values for lead element in all three areas showed non-contaminated to slightly contaminated class and for cadmium and chromium showed non-contaminated class. The numerical value of the contamination factor, except for cadmium and in zone one, in other cases is one and more than one, which indicates the high concentration of these elements compared to the background concentration in the study area.Discussion and Conclusion: As a result of industrial and traffic activities, the accumulation of excess amounts of man-made elements in the study area has been created.
References:
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Sufian, J., Golchin, A., Moradi, S., Jahanban, L., Gheiratie Arani, L. 2019. Growth and nutrients concentration of duckweed (Lemna minor L.) as affected by cadmium and salinity application of aqueous solutions. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology), 32(3); 582-595. (In Persian).
Shayler, H., McBride, M., Harrison, E. 2009. Sources and Impacts of Contaminants in Soils. Cornell Waste Management Institute. Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; Cornell University.
Sufian, J. 2013. Investigation of the potential of several aquatic plants for adsorption of heavy metals arsenic and cadmium from contaminated waters with different salinity. in Soil Science, Department of Soil Science, Zanjan University, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian).
Meybodi, S.M., Khorasani Esmaili, H. 2015. Biosorption of chromium by Pseudomonas sp. isolated from oil contaminated soils of Khuzestan. Biological Journal of Microorganism, 4(14); 101-110. (In Persian)
Zolfaghari, M., Soleimani Darjagh, M., Masoudikhah, M., Khodadad Motlagh, M., Haidarpour, A. 2012. Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of chromium- bearing microorganisms in industrial wastewaters of Qom. Journal of Qom University of Medical Sciences. 6 (2); 15-23. (In Persian).
Cole, P., Brad, R. 2005. Epidemiological Studies of Chrome and Cancer Mortality: A Series of Meta-Analyses. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 43(3); 225-231.
Kamaludeen, S.P., Arunkumar, K.R., Avudainayagam, S., Ramasamy, K. 2003. Bioremediation of Chromium Contaminated Environments. Indian Journal Experimental Biology, 41(9); 972-985.
Fasihi, H., Hamidi, M., Ostadfarag, S. 2017. Investigation of heavy metals and hydrocarbons contamination in Baghershar, Tehran, Iran. Journal of Natural Environmental Hazards, 6(12); 125-140.
Mohammadi, Z., Babaei, Y. 2011. The need to control the pollution of incoming effluents into the Kashfrood in Mashhad and provide appropriate solutions. National Conference on Water with Clean Water Approach, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 3-2 March 2011.
Yari, M., Rahimi, G., Moradi, S., Ebrahimi, E., Sadeghi, S. 2016. Investigation effect Implementation of Municipal Solid Waste Compost on the Fractions of various Heavy Metals in Three Soil Textures. Journal of Soil Research (Soil and Water Sciences), 30(3); 329-341. (In Persian)
Perez, D.V., Alcantara, S., Ribeiro, C.C., Pereira, R.E., Fontes, G.C., Wasserman, M.A., Venezuela, T.C., Meneguelli, N.A., de Macedo, J.R., Barradas, C.A.A. 2007. Composted municipal waste effects on chemical properties of a Brazilian soil. Bioresource Technology, 98; 525-533.
Jordao, C.P., Nascentes, C.C., Cecon, P.R., Fontes, R.L., Pereira, J.L. 2006. Heavy metals availability in soil amended with composted urban solid wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 112; 309-326.
Aydinalp, C., Marinova, S. 2003. Distribution and Forms of Heavy Metals in Some Agricultural Soils. Journal of Environmental Studies, 12: 629-633.
Heger, M., Sarraf, M. 2018. Air Pollution in Tehran: Health Costs, Sources, and Policies. Environment and Natural Resources Global Practice Discussion Paper. No. 6. World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/29909 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO.
Roshani, H., Ahadi, S., Shahbazi, H., Torbatian, S., Karimi, A. 2019. Air and sound quality report of Tehran in 1397. Report code QM98/02/01(U)/1. Air quality control company. Tehran, Iran. (In Persian)
Moradi, S., Rasouli-Sadaghiani, M., Sepehr, E., Khodaverdiloo, H., Barin, M. 2019. Soil nutrients status affected by simple and enriched biochar application under salinity conditions. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 191(4): 257: 1-13.
ISO/CD 11466. 1995. Soil Quality-Extraction of Trace Elements Soluble in Aqua-Regia. Switzerland: The international organization for standardization, 12 p.
Shahbazi, K., Beheshti, M. 2019. Study of the lime effect on the soil heavy metals recovery in aqua regia (ISO 11466 method). 16th Iranian Soil Science Congress, Zanjan, Iran. (In Persian)
Nikravesh, M., Karimi, A., Esfandyarpur, E., Fotovat, A. 2017. Assessment of surface soil pollution with selected heavy metals in Semnan industrial complex and surrounding areas. Journal of Natural Environment (Iranian Journal of Natural Resources), 70(1); 211-226. (In Persian).
Azimzadeh, B., Khademi, H. 2013. Estimation of Background Concentration of Selected Heavy Metals for Pollution Assessment of Surface Soils of Mazandaran Province, Iran. Journal of Water and Soil, 27(3); 548-559. (In Persian)
Kríbek, B., Majer, V., Veselovský, F., Nyambe, I. 2010. Discrimination of lithogenic and anthropogenic sources of metals and sulphur in soils of the central-northern part of the Zambian Copperbelt Mining District: a topsoil vs. subsurface soil concept. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 104; 69-86.
Wedepohl, K.H., Turekian, K.K. 1961. Distribution of the Elements in Some Major Units of the Earth's Crust. GSA Bulletin, 72(2); 175–192.
Hołtra, A., Zamorska-Wojdyła, D. 2020. The pollution indices of trace elements in soils and plants close to the copper and zinc smelting works in Poland’s Lower Silesia. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27; 16086-16099.
Rashki, A., Kaskaoutis, D., Francois, P., Kosmopoulos, P., Legrand, M. 2015. Dust‐storm dynamics over Sistan region, Iran: Seasonality, transport characteristics and affected areas. Aeolian Research, 16; 35-48.
Reimann, C., Filzmoser, P., Garrett, R.G. 2005. Background and threshold: critical comparison of methods of determination. Science of the Total Environment, 346; 1-16.
Esmaeili, A., Moor, F., Keshavarzi, B., Jaafarzadeh, N., Kermani, M. 2014. A geochemical survey of heavy metals in agricultural and background soils of the Isfahan industrial zone, Iran. Catena, 121; 88-98.
Sayadi, M.H., Rezaei A., Sayyed M.R.G. 2017. Grain size fraction of heavy metals in soil and their relationship with land use. Proceedings of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 7(1); 1-11.
Moghtaderi, T., Mahmoudi, S., Shakeri, A., Masihabadi, M.H. 2019. Contamination evaluation, health and ecological risk index assessment of potential toxic elements in the surface soils (case study: Central Part of Bandar Abbas County). Journal of Soil and Water Resources Protection, 8(4); 51-65.
Dragović, R., Gajić, B., Dragović, S., Đorđević, M., Đorđević, M., Mihailović, N. 2014. Assessment of the impact of geographical factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils around the steel production facility in Smederevo (Serbia). Journal of cleaner production, 84; 550-62.
Shi, G., Chen, Z., Xu, S., Zhang, J., Wang, L., Bi, C., Teng, J. 2008. Potentially toxic metal contamination of urban soils and roadside dust in Shanghai, China. Environmental Pollution, 156; 251-260.
Li, X., Liu, L., Wang, Y., Luo, G., Chen, X., Yang, X., Guo, R., Wang, H., Cui, J., Xingyuan, H. 2013. Heavy metal contamination of urban soil in an old industrial city (Shenyang) in Northeast China. Geoderma, 192; 50-58.
Ogunkunle, C.O., Fatoba, P.O. 2013. Pollution loads and the ecological risk assessment of soil heavy metals around a Mega Cement Factory in Southwest Nigeria. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 22; 487- 493.
