The Importance of Access to Clean Environmental Energy in Reducing Violence against women
Subject Areas :
environmental low
Valiollah Nasiri
1
,
Hossein Sorayyai Azar
2
,
Hojjat Salimy
3
1 - Ph.D. Student in Public International Law, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch. Iran.
2 - Associate Prof, Department of Public International Law, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh Branch. Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
3 - Associate Prof Public International Law, Shahid Madani University of Azerbaijan. Iran.
Received: 2022-06-03
Accepted : 2022-08-20
Published : 2022-09-23
Keywords:
Environmental Law,
Violence Against Women,
women's empowerment,
clean energy,
Human rights,
Abstract :
The connection between fossil fuel production and uses and violence against local women, and the escalation of violence against women due to climate change and also violence against women who defend the importance of environment protection and critcise the uses of fossil fuels are issues that highlight the importance of access to clean energy in reducing violence against women. Given the neglect, denial and insufficient attention to the impact of energy on the escalation of violence against women by researchers and policymakers, this study is a descriptive-analytical research using international documents and established views of the international institutions intends to discuss the relationship between fossil energy uses and production and violence against women to suggest a way to a common future. Research findings show that women's access to the clean energy is very effective in reducing violence against them, while the issue of violence against women criticizing fossil fuel uses is a new challenge to international law and women's rights that needs to be addressed.
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Bradbrook, Adrian & Gardam, Judith, “Placing Access to Energy Services Within a Human Rights Framework”, uman Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28(2), 2006.
Kidman R, Child marriage and intimate partner violence: a comparative study of 34 countries”, Int J Epidemiol, 46(2), 2016
Acharya, R.H.; Sadath, A.C, “Energy poverty and economic development: Household-level evidence from India. Energy Build”, Vol.183,2019
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_||_
Mehrpour, Hossein, Women's Rights from the Perspective of Domestic Law; Jurisprudential Principles and International Standards, Tehran, Ettelaat, 2000. (In Persian)
Jalali, Mahmoud, Women's Human Rights in International Law and the Situation in Iran, Faculty of Law and Political Science, 2004, 66. (In Persian)
Naserzadeh, Houshang, 1993, Declarations of Human Rights, Tehran, Majd, Second Edition, 1993. (In Persian)
Ismail Nasab, Hossein, Collection of the most important practical documents of international law, Tehran, Jangal, 2014. (In Persian)
Esmaeilnasab, Hossein and Sheikhzadeh, Ehsan, Iran's Human Rights Challenges in Ahmad Shahid's Reports (with Emphasis on Women), National Conference on Iran and International Legal Challenges, Maragheh, 2014. (In Persian)
WHO, IEA, GACC, UNDP and WB (2018). “Policy Brief #2: Achieving Universal Access to Clean and Modern Cooking Fuels and Technologies”, UN High Level Political Forumon Sustainable Development, please visit: https://sustainabledevelopment
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization) (2013). “Sustainable Energy for All: The Gender Dimensions”, available at: unido.org/fileadmin/user_media_upgrade/What_we_do/Topics/Women_and_Youth/GUIDANCENOTE_FINAL_WEB.pdf.
ESMAP/WB (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program & World Bank) (2020). “The State of Access to Modern Energy Cooking Services”, Energy Sector Management Assistance Program. Washington, D.C
Hyde, Elizabeth; Greene, Margaret; Darmstadt. Gary L, “Time poverty: Obstacle to women’s human rights, health and sustainable development”, Journal of Global Health 10(2), 2020.
Angelou, Nicolina; Roy, Sanjukta, “Integrating Gender and Social Dimensions into Energy Interventions in Afghanistan”, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818H Street NW, Washington, 2019.
ILO (International Labour Organization) (2019). “The Unpaid Care Work and the Labour Market. An analysis of time use data based on the latest World Compilation of Time-use Surveys/Jacques Charmes”, International Labour Office-Geneva.
Löfquist, Lars, “Is there a universal human right to electricity?”, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 24, Issue. 6, 2019.
OHCHR (UN Human Rights Office) (2009). “Relationship Between Climate Change and Human Rights”, A/HRC/10/61.
CESCR (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) (1992). “General Comment No.4”, Contained in Document E/1992/23
CESCR (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights) (2017). “General Comment No.4”, Contained in Document E
Löfquist, Lars, “Is there a universal human right to electricity?”, The International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 24, Issue. 6, 2019
CEDAW (1979). “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, New York, 18 December.
Smith, K.R.; Bruce, N.; Balakrishnan, K.; Adair-Rohani, H.; Balmes, J.; Chafe, Z et al, “Millions dead: how do we know and what does it mean? Methods used in the comparative risk assessment of household air pollution”, Annu. Rev. Public Health, Vol.35, 2014
CEDAW (2018). “Repoort of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, New York
CEDAW (2017). “Repoort of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, New York
CEDAW (2018). “Repoort of Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women”, New York
UN (United Nations) (2021). “Secretary-General’s remarks to the Security Council-on addressing climate-related security risks tointernational peace and security through mitigation andresilience building”, available at: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2021-02-23/secretary-generals-remarksthe-security-council-addressing-climate-related-security risksinternational-peace-and-security-through-mitigation-andresilience- building (accessed on 1 May 2021).
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ActionAid (2013). “Women and the City II; Combating violence against women and girls in public spaces-The role of public services”, London: ActionAid http://www.actionaid.org/publications/women-and-city-2.
Salimi-Turkmani, Hojjat, The Right to Development as a Human Right in the Field of International Energy Law, Quarterly Journal of Energy Law Studies, Volume 4, Number 2, 2018, (In Persian)
Michael J. Watts, Righteous Oil? Human Rights, the Oil Complex, and Corporate Social Responsibility”, Annu. Rev, Environ, Resour. 2005. Vol.30, 2005
Fraser, Erika Viswanath Kalpana and MacLean Laura, “Violence against Women and Girls, Infrastructure and Cities, Briefing Paper, ordered by Infrastructure and Cities for Economic Development (ICED), 2017.
NIC (National InquiryCanada) (2021). “Reclaiming Power and Place: National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls”, Executive Summary of the Final Report, CP32-163/2-3-2019E-PDF, ISBN: 978-0-660-30951-4.
UN (United Nations) (2021). “Secretary-General’s remarks to the Security Council-on addressing climate-related security risks tointernational peace and security through mitigation andresilience building”, available at: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2021-02-23/secretary-generals-remarksthe-security-council-addressing-climate-related-security risksinternational-peace-and-security-through-mitigation-andresilience- building (accessed on 1 May 2021
HRC (Human Rights Council) (2019). “Summary of the panel discussion on women’s rights and climate change: climate action, good practices and lessons Learned-Report of the, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 42th, 2019/07/24, A/HRC/42/26.
Desaia, Bharat H. and Mandalb, Moumita, “Role of Climate Change in Exacerbating Sexual and Gender-Based Violence against Women: A New Challenge for International Law”, Environmental Policy and Law, Vol.51,2021.
Anastario, Michael, Shehab, Nadine, Lawry, Lynn, “Increased gender-based violence among women internally displaced in Mississippi 2 years post-Hurricane Katrina”, Disaster Med Public Health Prep. 2009 Mar, Vol. 3(1), 2009.
Listo, Romy Elisabeth, “Energy for empowerment: The role of energy in women’s organising and Empowerment in urban and peri-urban South Africa”, Bachelor of International Studies (Hons I), Graduate Certificate of Community Development, A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at The University of Queensland in 2020, School of Social Science,2020
WRC (Women's Refugee Commission) (2006), “Finding Trees in the Desert: Firewood collection and alternatives in Darfur”, March 2006, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/48aa82ec0.html.
Mercy Corps (2010), ‘In Congo, saving trees and lives”, 23 April 2010, http://www.mercycorps.org/articles/dr-congo/congosaving-trees-and-lives).
WRC (Women’s Refugee Commission) (2014). “Leading the international effort to ensure that refugees have safe access to fuel and energy”, Safe Access to Fuel and Energy. Available at: https://www.womensrefugeecommission.org/images/zdocs/SAFE-Fuel-and-Energy-Fact-Sheet.pdf
GACC (Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves) (2016). “Gender-Based Violence in Humanitarian Settings: Cookstoves and Fuels”, A systematic review of the evidence base. Available at: http://cleancookstoves.org/resources/478.html.
Knox, John H, “Policy Briefe, Environmental human rights defenders A global crisis”, Universal Rights Group 2017, Universal Rights Group Ch. du Grand-Montfleury 48, Switzerland, 2017.
UNGA/HRC (United Nations, General Assembly/Human Rights Council) (2019). “Recognizing the contribution of environmental human rights defenders to the enjoyment of human rights, environmental protection and sustainable development”,A/HRC/RES/40/11, Retrieved from https://undocs.org.
UNEP (United Nations Development Programme) (2020). “Who are environmental defenders”, Retrieved from https://www.unenvironment.org/explore-topics/environmentalrights-and-governance/what-we-do/advancing-environmentalrights/who
Standal, K., & Winther, T, “Empowerment through Energy? Impact of Electricity on Care Work Practices and Gender Relations”, Forum for Development Studies, Vol.43 (1), 2016.
UN (United Nations) (2021). “Secretary-General’s remarks to the Security Council-on addressing climate-related security risks tointernational peace and security through mitigation andresilience building”, available at: https://www.un.org/sg/en/content/sg/statement/2021-02-23/secretary-generals-remarksthe-security-council-addressing-climate-related-security risksinternational-peace-and-security-through-mitigation-andresilience- building (accessed on 1 May 2021).
Gunnar, Kohlin; Pattanayak, Subhrendu K., Pattanayak; Sills, O’Donnell; Wilfong, Erin and Walter, Christopher, “Energy, Gender and Development. What are the Linkages? Where is the Evidence?”, The World Bank Sustainable Development Network, Research Working Paper 5800. Washington, DC 20433,2011
Rewald, Rebecca, “Energy and Women and Girls: Analyzing the Needs, Uses, and Impacts of Energy on Women and Girls in the Developing World,” Oxfam Research Backgrounder series, Oxfam America Inc. Washington DC,2017
Moko, N, “The information behaviors of rural women in botswana”, library & information, Science Research, Vol.17, 2005.
Sambodo, M.T.; Novandra, R,"The state of energy poverty in Indonesia and its impact on welfare”, Energy Policy, Vol. 132, Issue C, 2019
UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs) (2018). “Policy Brief 12: A Global SDG 7: Energy and Gender”, Affordable and clean energy, Accelerating SDG7 achievement policy briefs in support of the first SDG7 review at the un high-level political forum 2018. Published by the United Nations.
McCleary-Sills, Jennifer, Hanmer, Lucia, Parsons, Jennifer & Klugman, Jeni, “Child Marriage: A Critical Barrier to Girls’ Schooling and Gender Equality in Education”, The Review of Faith & International Affairs, Vol.13, Issue 3, 2015.
Bradbrook, Adrian & Gardam, Judith, “Placing Access to Energy Services Within a Human Rights Framework”, uman Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28(2), 2006.
Kidman R, Child marriage and intimate partner violence: a comparative study of 34 countries”, Int J Epidemiol, 46(2), 2016
Acharya, R.H.; Sadath, A.C, “Energy poverty and economic development: Household-level evidence from India. Energy Build”, Vol.183,2019
Hondo, Hiroki & Moriizumi, Yue, “Employment creation potential of renewable power generation technologies: A life cycle approach”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol.79,2017
IRENA (International Renewable Energy Agency) (2020). “Renewable Energy and Jobs”, Annual Review 2020, 11.5 million jobs in 2019, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi. Download from www.irena.org/publications.