Investigation of spent caustic treatment processes in Bandar Abbas oil refinery
Subject Areas :
natural resorces
Zeynab Pour-Gholi
1
,
Sedigheh Gnaei
2
,
Fariborz Irandoost
3
,
Kiomars Sefidi
4
,
Khosro Sagheb-Talebi
5
,
Farshad Keivan-Behjo
6
1 - Ph.D. student of Forest silviculture and Ecology, University of Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran. *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Research in statute of forest and Rangeland,Agriculture Research, Eduction and Eextension Organization (AREEO),Tehran,Iran.
3 - Ph.D. student of Forest silviculture and Ecology, University of Gorgan, Gorgan, Iran.
4 - Research in statute of forest and Rangeland,Agriculture Research, Eduction and Eextension Organization (AREEO),Tehran,Iran.
5 - Associate Prof., Forest Research Division, Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran.
6 - Professor, Department of Forest Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran.
Received: 2017-02-09
Accepted : 2017-05-16
Published : 2021-12-22
Keywords:
Stand development,
close to nature silviculture,
diameter classes,
Decay degree,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Awareness of the stand conditions and the gradual replacement of tree species in developmental stages and phases provide appropriate information about silvicultural treatments, related to the close to nature silviculture. Present study due to the importance of study of dead trees in the forest, with the aim of the estimation quality and quantity of the amount of dead trees and tree mortality rate in the gap making phase was conducted in the evolution of less disturbed beech stands.
Material and Methodology:To evaluate the tree mortality and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of dead trees in the gap making phase in the forests of Asalem, three sample plots of one hectare were selected and then some properties such as diameter, height of all standing and dead trees, as well as the decay stage of dead trees were recorded. After determining the type species, dead trees based on the decay degree of were classified in one of decay classes. Also dead trees were classified in four diameter classes small diameter, mid diameter, thick and very thick diameter. To investigate of mortality rate in the diameter classes was used from the proportion of dead trees to live trees in each diameter class.
Findings: The results showed that the highest mortality rates in this phase are observable at diameter of 95 cm and at the diameter classes larger than 75 cm. The average number and volume of dead trees in all the three samples were 13 trees per hectare and 36.03 m3 per hectare, respectively. Also, 68 percent of dead trees were logs and 32 percent of them were snags. The average volumes of standing and fallen dead trees were 49.3 and 50.7 percent, respectively.
Discussion and Conclusions: According to the presence of more than half of the dead trees was observed in the early decay degree in this development phase and tree mortality occur in this phase of large diameter class, that are caused gaps in the canopy of trees. Opening the canopy from falling dead trees is affecting factor in the establishment of seedlings and growing of forest seeds. So it is recommended results of this study to be used in select of trees in the selection method.
References:
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Kuuluvainen, T., 2002. Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica, Vol. 36, pp. 97-125.
Korpel, S., 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia [Czechoslovakia], Acta facultatis forestalis zvolen, pp. 4-19.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Delfan-Abazari, B. and Namiranian, M., 2005. Regeneration process in natural uneven-aged Caspian beech forests of Iran. Swiss Forestry Journal, Vol. 156, pp. 477-480.
Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Mosandl., R. Late successional stage dynamics in natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest). Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2014, Vol. 22, pp. 270-283. (In Persian).
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Kakavand, M., Sagheb Talebi, KH., Alibabaei Omran, E. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood in the different development stages in mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district, Kheiroud forest of Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2016, Vol. 23, pp. 647-659. (In Persian)
Sweeney, O.F., Martin, M., Irwin, R.D., Kelly, S., O’Halloran, T.C., Wilson, J. and McEvoy, P.M., 2010. A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterizes dead wood patterns in Irish forests. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 259, pp. 2056-2064.
Nordén, B., Ryberg, M., Götmark, F. and Olausson, B., 2004. Relative importance of coarse and fine woody debris for the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in temperate broadleaf forests. Biological conservation, Vol. 117, pp. 1-10.
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Frankland, J.C., Hedger, J.N. and Swift, M.J., 1982. Decomposer Basidiomycetes–Their Biology and Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. 355 pp.
Franklin, J.F., Kermit, C.J., William, D., Arthur, M., Chris, M., James, S., Fred, S. and Glen, J., 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas fir forests. Gen. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station: Portland, OR. 48 pp.
Ozolincius, R., Miksys V. and Stakenas, V., 2005. Growth-independent mortality of Lithuanian forest tree species. Scandinavian journal of forest research. 20, pp. 153–160.
Greenwood, D.L. and Weisberg, P.L., 2008. Density-dependent tree mortality in pinyon juniper woodlands, Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 255, pp. 2129–2137.
Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, MR., Namiranian, M. Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2007, Vol. 15(29) pp. 234-240. (In Persian)
Sefidi,, Marvi Mohajer, M.R., Zobeyri, M., Etemad, V. Investigation On Dead Trees Effects On Natural Regeneration Of Oriental Beech And Hornbeam In A Mixed Beech Forest, Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2008, Vol. 15, pp. 365-373. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K & Marvi mohajer, Amount and quality of dead trees (snag and logs) in a mixed beech forest with different management histories, 2009, Vol. 62, No. 2,. pp.191-202. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 56, pp. 7–17.
Amanzadeh, B., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Foumani, B.S., Fadaie, F., Camarero, J.J. and Linares, J.C., 2013. Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran, Forests, 4, pp. 751-765.
Alidadi, F., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., 2015. Decay dynamics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) deadwood in mixed beech stands, vol. 22, pp 624-635.
Green, P. and Peterken, G.F., 1997. Variation in the amount of dead woodlands in the woodlands of the Lower Wye Valley, UK in relation to the intensity of management. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 98, pp. 229–238.
Fridman, J. and Walheim, M., 2000. Amount, structure, and dynamics of dead wood on managed forestland in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 131, pp. 23–36.
Sefidi, K., Esfandiary Darabad, F. and Azaryan, M., 2016. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, Vol. 9, pp. 658-665.
Harmon, M.E. and Sexton, J., 1996. Guidelines for measurements of woody detritus in forest ecosystems. US LTER Publication No. 20. U.S. LTER Network Office, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, 73 pp.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2014. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Final Report of National Research Project, Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 120p (In Persian).
Moradi, M., Mohadjer, M. R. M., Sefidi, K., Zobiri, M., & Omidi, A. (2012). Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, pp. 289-294.
Böhl, J., and Brändli, U.B., 2007. Deadwood volume assessment in the third Swiss National Forest Inventory: methods and first results. European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 126, pp. 449-457.
Laarmann, D., Korjus, H., Sims, A., Stanturf , J., Kiviste, A. and Kajar, K., 2009. Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, pp. 187-195.
Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J.P., Ferreira, L.V. and Melack, J.M., 2000. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia, Vol. 122, pp. 380-388.
_||_
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., Namiranian, M., Sadeghi, S.M.M. Mortality of Trees in the Stem Exclusion Phase over the Beech Stand Development, Journal of Forest and Wood Products. 2016, Vol 68, Issue 4 – 931-943. (In Persian)
Kuuluvainen, T., 2002. Natural variability of forests as a reference for restoring and managing biological diversity in boreal Fennoscandia. Silva Fennica, Vol. 36, pp. 97-125.
Korpel, S., 1982. Degree of equilibrium and dynamical changes of the forest on example of natural forests of Slovakia [Czechoslovakia], Acta facultatis forestalis zvolen, pp. 4-19.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Delfan-Abazari, B. and Namiranian, M., 2005. Regeneration process in natural uneven-aged Caspian beech forests of Iran. Swiss Forestry Journal, Vol. 156, pp. 477-480.
Sefidi, K., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Mosandl., R. Late successional stage dynamics in natural Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands in northern Iran (Case study: Gorazbon district of Kheiroud-Kenar experimental forest). Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2014, Vol. 22, pp. 270-283. (In Persian).
Moridi, M., Etemad, V., Kakavand, M., Sagheb Talebi, KH., Alibabaei Omran, E. Qualitative and quantitative characteristics of deadwood in the different development stages in mixed oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) stands (Case study: Gorazbon district, Kheiroud forest of Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2016, Vol. 23, pp. 647-659. (In Persian)
Sweeney, O.F., Martin, M., Irwin, R.D., Kelly, S., O’Halloran, T.C., Wilson, J. and McEvoy, P.M., 2010. A lack of large-diameter logs and snags characterizes dead wood patterns in Irish forests. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 259, pp. 2056-2064.
Nordén, B., Ryberg, M., Götmark, F. and Olausson, B., 2004. Relative importance of coarse and fine woody debris for the diversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in temperate broadleaf forests. Biological conservation, Vol. 117, pp. 1-10.
Harmon, M.E., Franklin, J.F., Swanson, F.J., Sollins, P., Gregory, S.V., Lattin, J.D., Anderson, N.H., Cline, S.P., Aumen, N.G., Sedell, J. R., Lienkaemper, G.W., Cromack, K. and Cummins, K.W., 1986. Ecology of coarse woody debris in temperate ecosystems. Advances in ecological research,
Anderson, N.H., Sedell, J.R., Roberts, L.M. and Triska, F.J., 1978. The role of aquatic invertebrates in processing of wood debris in coniferous forest streams. American Midland Naturalist, 100, pp. 64-82.
Frankland, J.C., Hedger, J.N. and Swift, M.J., 1982. Decomposer Basidiomycetes–Their Biology and Ecology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, MA. 355 pp.
Franklin, J.F., Kermit, C.J., William, D., Arthur, M., Chris, M., James, S., Fred, S. and Glen, J., 1981. Ecological characteristics of old-growth Douglas fir forests. Gen. USDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest Forest Experiment Station: Portland, OR. 48 pp.
Ozolincius, R., Miksys V. and Stakenas, V., 2005. Growth-independent mortality of Lithuanian forest tree species. Scandinavian journal of forest research. 20, pp. 153–160.
Greenwood, D.L. and Weisberg, P.L., 2008. Density-dependent tree mortality in pinyon juniper woodlands, Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 255, pp. 2129–2137.
Zolfeghari, E., Marvi Mohajer, MR., Namiranian, M. Impact of dead trees on natural regeneration in forest stands (Chelir district, Kheiroudkenar, Nowshahr), Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2007, Vol. 15(29) pp. 234-240. (In Persian)
Sefidi,, Marvi Mohajer, M.R., Zobeyri, M., Etemad, V. Investigation On Dead Trees Effects On Natural Regeneration Of Oriental Beech And Hornbeam In A Mixed Beech Forest, Iranan journal of forest and poplar Research, 2008, Vol. 15, pp. 365-373. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K & Marvi mohajer, Amount and quality of dead trees (snag and logs) in a mixed beech forest with different management histories, 2009, Vol. 62, No. 2,. pp.191-202. (In Persian).
Sefidi, K. and Marvie-Mohadjer, M.R., 2010. Characteristics of coarse woody debris in successional stages of natural beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) forests of Northern Iran. Journal of Forest Science, Vol. 56, pp. 7–17.
Amanzadeh, B., Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., Foumani, B.S., Fadaie, F., Camarero, J.J. and Linares, J.C., 2013. Spatial Distribution and Volume of Dead Wood in Unmanaged Caspian Beech (Fagus orientalis) Forests from Northern Iran, Forests, 4, pp. 751-765.
Alidadi, F., Marvie Mohadjer, MR., Etemad, V., Sefidi, K., 2015. Decay dynamics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and hornbeam (Carpinus betulus L.) deadwood in mixed beech stands, vol. 22, pp 624-635.
Green, P. and Peterken, G.F., 1997. Variation in the amount of dead woodlands in the woodlands of the Lower Wye Valley, UK in relation to the intensity of management. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 98, pp. 229–238.
Fridman, J. and Walheim, M., 2000. Amount, structure, and dynamics of dead wood on managed forestland in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 131, pp. 23–36.
Sefidi, K., Esfandiary Darabad, F. and Azaryan, M., 2016. Effect of topography on tree species composition and volume of coarse woody debris in an Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) old growth forests, northern Iran. iForest-Biogeosciences and Forestry, Vol. 9, pp. 658-665.
Harmon, M.E. and Sexton, J., 1996. Guidelines for measurements of woody detritus in forest ecosystems. US LTER Publication No. 20. U.S. LTER Network Office, University of Washington, College of Forest Resources, Seattle, 73 pp.
Sagheb-Talebi, Kh., 2014. Appropriate characteristics of beech stands for application of close to nature silviculture (selection system). Final Report of National Research Project, Published by Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 120p (In Persian).
Moradi, M., Mohadjer, M. R. M., Sefidi, K., Zobiri, M., & Omidi, A. (2012). Over-mature beech trees (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) and close-to-nature forestry in northern Iran. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, pp. 289-294.
Böhl, J., and Brändli, U.B., 2007. Deadwood volume assessment in the third Swiss National Forest Inventory: methods and first results. European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 126, pp. 449-457.
Laarmann, D., Korjus, H., Sims, A., Stanturf , J., Kiviste, A. and Kajar, K., 2009. Analysis of forest naturalness and tree mortality patterns in Estonia. Forest Ecology and Management, 258, pp. 187-195.
Chambers, J.Q., Higuchi, N., Schimel, J.P., Ferreira, L.V. and Melack, J.M., 2000. Decomposition and carbon cycling of dead trees in tropical forests of the central Amazon. Oecologia, Vol. 122, pp. 380-388.
