Experimental Study on a Green Wall to Reduce Heat Transfer under winter and Summer Conditions in the Humid Climate of Rasht
Subject Areas :
Architecture and urbanism
Abdollah Baghaei Daemei
1
,
Farzaneh Asadi Malekjahan
2
1 - Young Researchers and Elite Club, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran *(Corresponding Author)
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, Rasht Branch, Islamic Azad University, Rasht, Iran
Received: 2019-10-20
Accepted : 2021-01-04
Published : 2021-04-21
Keywords:
green wall,
Heat transfer,
Humid Climate of Rasht,
Experimental Measurement,
Abstract :
Background and Objective: Reducing energy consumption by optimizing thermal losses is one of the most predominant parameters for designing sustainable and green buildings towards sustainable development goals. Recent research points to the importance of these issues to provide effective strategies. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate green wall thermal performance as an efficient strategy to reduce heat loss in cold and warm conditions in the humid climate of Rasht.Method: The present study was carried out through experimental measurement on a 2-story residential building of which it has a self-clinging plant attaching directly in the north direction. Through temperature and relative humidity data loggers, indoor and outdoor environmental data were collected.Findings: The results showed that the bare wall and green wall indoor average temperatures in winter and summer are about 17.3 and 18, 30.5 and 28 ° C, respectively. During wintertime, the green wall was able to keep the indoor temperature about 0.7 ° C warmer than a bare wall. In addition, in summer conditions, it was found that the green wall was able to drop the indoor temperature by about 2.5 ° C.Discussion and Conclusion: Based on the findings, the green wall could have 9% thermal performance in summer and 4% in winter conditions. Eventually, green walls have a suitable thermal performance to reduce heat losses in the humid climate of Rasht in both winter and summer. It was found that the green wall in summer in comparison with the winter season could be 50% more effective.
References:
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Niachou, A., et al. (2001). Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of its energy performance, Energy and Buildings 33(7): 719-729.
Çomaklı, K; and Yüksel, B (2003), Optimum insulation thickness of external walls for energy saving, Applied Thermal Engineering 23(4): 473-479.
Khudhair, A.M; and Farid, M.M (2004), A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials, Energy Conversion and Management 45(2): 263-275.
Al-Homoud, D.M.S (2005), Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials, Building and Environment 40(3): 353-366.
Dombaycı, Ö.A; Gölcü, M; and Pancar, Y (2006), Optimization of insulation thickness for external walls using different energy-sources, Applied Energy 83(9): 921-928.
Sailor, D.J (2008), A green roof model for building energy simulation programs, Energy and Buildings 40(8): 1466-1478.
R. Widiastuti, E. Prianto, WS. Budi, Investigation on the Thermal Performance of Green Facade in Tropical Climate Based on the Modelling Experiment, International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction. 7 (2018) 26-33, https://doi.org/10.7492/ijaec.2018.004.
Susorova, I; Angulo, M; Bahrami, P; and Stephens, B (2013), A model of vegetated exterior facades for evaluation of wall thermal performance, Building and Environment 67: 1-13.
Perini, K; and Rosasco, P (2013). Cost–benefit analysis for green façades and living wall systems, Building and Environment 70: 110-121.
Jo, H.K; and McPherson, E.G (2001). Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, USA, Journal of Environmental Management 61(2): 165-177.
Kleerekoper, L; Esch, M.V; and Salcedo, T.B (2012), How to make a city climate-proof, addressing the urban heat island effect, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64: 30-38.
Alexandri, E; and Jones, P (2008), Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates, Building and Environment 43(4): 480-493.
Sheweka, S.M; and Mohamed, N.M (2012), Green Facades as a New Sustainable Approach towards Climate Change, Energy Procedia 18: 507-520.
Wong, N.H; Kwang Tan , A.Y; Tan, P.Y; and Wong, N.C (2009), Energy simulation of vertical greenery systems, Energy and Buildings 41(12): 1401-1408.
Wong, N.H; Kwang Tan, A.Y; Chen, Y; Sekar, K; Tan, P.Y; Chan, D; Chiang, K; and Wong, N.C (2010), Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls, Building and Environment 45(3): 663-672.
Azkorra, Z; Pérez, G; Coma, J; Cabeza, L.F; Bures, S; Álvaro, J.E; Erkoreka, A; and Urrestarazu, M (2015), Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system for buildings, Applied Acoustics 89: 46-56.
Pérez, G., et al. (2011), Green vertical systems for buildings as passive systems for energy savings, Applied Energy 88(12): 4854-4859.
Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E; Baghaei Daemei, A; and Asadi Malekjahan, F (2019), Simulation study of the eco green roof in order to reduce heat transfer in four different climatic zones, Results in Engineering, Volume 2: 100010.
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Baghaei Daemei, A; Eghbali, S.R; and Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E (2019), Bioclimatic design strategies: A guideline to enhance human thermal comfort in Cfa climate zones, Journal of Building Engineering, Volume 25: 100758.
Baghaei Daemei, A; Haghgooy Osmavandani, P; and Samim Nikpey, M (2018), Study on Vernacular Architecture Patterns to Improve Natural Ventilation Estimating in Humid Subtropical Climate, Civil Engineering Journal, Volume 4, Issue 9: 2097-2110.
X. Nan, H. Yan, R. Wu, Y. Shi, Z. Bao, Assessing the thermal performance of living wall systems in wet and cold climates during the winter, Energy and Building, 208 (2020) 109680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109680.
Azmoodeh, M.; and Heidari, S (2014). Investigation of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants over Tehran in cold months of 2011-2013. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(1): 361-370 (in Persian).
Azmoodeh, M.; and Heidari, S (2017). Effect of Urban Green Walls on Reduction of Temperature in Microclimates and Urban Heat Island. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 19(5): 597-606. doi: 10.22034/jest.2017.11398 (in Persian).
Azmoodeh, M.; Heidari, S.; and Zamani, Z (1970). CBA Evaluation of Green Walls Implementation in Tehran City. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 21(3): 237-247. doi: 10.22034/jest.2019.14556 (in Persian).
Kolyaei, M.; Hamzenejad, M.; Litkouhi, S.; and Bahrami, P. (2020). The impact internal and external indicators green wall On Environmental and Energy Savings Performance. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 21(11): 253-267. doi: 10.22034/jest.2018.20435.2946 (in Persian).
Kolyaei, M.; Hamzenejad, M.; Bahrami, P.; and Litkouhi, S (2018). Comparing different types of green wall in order to achieve sustainability. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, doi: 10.22034/jest.2018.16480.2505 (in Persian).
Bjerre, A.L (2011), “Green Walls.” Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management, VIA University College, Horsens, Denmark.
Susorova, I; Azimi, P; and Stephens, B (2014). The effects of climbing vegetation on the local microclimate, thermal performance, and air infiltration of four building facade orientations, Building and Environment 76: 113-124.
Olivieri, F., et al. (2014), Experimental study of the thermal-energy performance of an insulated vegetal façade under summer conditions in a continental mediterranean climate, Building and Environment 77: 61-76.
Cameron, R.W.F; Taylor, J; and Emmett, M (2015), A Hedera green façade – Energy performance and saving under different maritime-temperate, winter weather conditions, Building and Environment 92: 111-121.
Djedjig, R; Bozonnet, E; Belarbi, R (2016), Modeling green wall interactions with street canyons for building energy simulation in urban context, Urban Climate, Volume 16: 75-85.
Wong, I; Baldwin, A.N (2016), Investigating the potential of applying vertical green walls to high-rise residential buildings for energy-saving in sub-tropical region, Building and Environment, Volume 97: 34-39.
Hoelscher, M.T; Nehls, T; Jänicke, B; and Wessolek, G (2016), Quantifying cooling effects of facade greening: Shading, transpiration and insulation, Energy and Buildings, Volume 114: 283-290.
Coma, J; Pérez, G; Gracia, A.D; Burés, S, Urrestarazu, M; and Cabeza, L.F (2017), Vertical greenery systems for energy savings in buildings: A comparative study between green walls and green facades, Building and Environment, Volume 111: 228-237.
Serra, VL; Candelari, BE; Giordano, R; Montacchini, E; Tedesco, S; Larcher, F; Schiavi, A (2017). A novel vertical greenery module system for building envelopes: The results and outcomes of a multidisciplinary research project, Energy and Buildings, Volume 146: 333-352.
Pérez, G; Coma, J; Sol, S; and Cabeza, LF (2017), Green facade for energy savings in buildings: The influence of leaf area index and facade orientation on the shadow effect, Applied Energy, Volume 187: 424-437.
Helge, S (2016), Modeling urban microclimate: development, implementation and evaluation of new and improved calculation methods for the urban microclimate model ENVI-met, Dissertation Universit¨at Mainz Geographisches Institut. URL: https://publications.ub.uni-mainz.de/theses/frontdoor.php?source_opus=100000507.
Radić, M; Dodig, MB; Auer, T (2019), Green facades and living walls-A review establishing the classification of construction types and mapping the benefits, Sustainability, Volume 11 (17): 4579, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174579.
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Zalba, B; Marı́n, J.M; Cabeza, L.F; and Mehling, H (2003), Review on thermal energy storage with phase change: materials, heat transfer analysis and applications, Applied Thermal Engineering 23(3): 251-283.
Niachou, A., et al. (2001). Analysis of the green roof thermal properties and investigation of its energy performance, Energy and Buildings 33(7): 719-729.
Çomaklı, K; and Yüksel, B (2003), Optimum insulation thickness of external walls for energy saving, Applied Thermal Engineering 23(4): 473-479.
Khudhair, A.M; and Farid, M.M (2004), A review on energy conservation in building applications with thermal storage by latent heat using phase change materials, Energy Conversion and Management 45(2): 263-275.
Al-Homoud, D.M.S (2005), Performance characteristics and practical applications of common building thermal insulation materials, Building and Environment 40(3): 353-366.
Dombaycı, Ö.A; Gölcü, M; and Pancar, Y (2006), Optimization of insulation thickness for external walls using different energy-sources, Applied Energy 83(9): 921-928.
Sailor, D.J (2008), A green roof model for building energy simulation programs, Energy and Buildings 40(8): 1466-1478.
R. Widiastuti, E. Prianto, WS. Budi, Investigation on the Thermal Performance of Green Facade in Tropical Climate Based on the Modelling Experiment, International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction. 7 (2018) 26-33, https://doi.org/10.7492/ijaec.2018.004.
Susorova, I; Angulo, M; Bahrami, P; and Stephens, B (2013), A model of vegetated exterior facades for evaluation of wall thermal performance, Building and Environment 67: 1-13.
Perini, K; and Rosasco, P (2013). Cost–benefit analysis for green façades and living wall systems, Building and Environment 70: 110-121.
Jo, H.K; and McPherson, E.G (2001). Indirect carbon reduction by residential vegetation and planting strategies in Chicago, USA, Journal of Environmental Management 61(2): 165-177.
Kleerekoper, L; Esch, M.V; and Salcedo, T.B (2012), How to make a city climate-proof, addressing the urban heat island effect, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 64: 30-38.
Alexandri, E; and Jones, P (2008), Temperature decreases in an urban canyon due to green walls and green roofs in diverse climates, Building and Environment 43(4): 480-493.
Sheweka, S.M; and Mohamed, N.M (2012), Green Facades as a New Sustainable Approach towards Climate Change, Energy Procedia 18: 507-520.
Wong, N.H; Kwang Tan , A.Y; Tan, P.Y; and Wong, N.C (2009), Energy simulation of vertical greenery systems, Energy and Buildings 41(12): 1401-1408.
Wong, N.H; Kwang Tan, A.Y; Chen, Y; Sekar, K; Tan, P.Y; Chan, D; Chiang, K; and Wong, N.C (2010), Thermal evaluation of vertical greenery systems for building walls, Building and Environment 45(3): 663-672.
Azkorra, Z; Pérez, G; Coma, J; Cabeza, L.F; Bures, S; Álvaro, J.E; Erkoreka, A; and Urrestarazu, M (2015), Evaluation of green walls as a passive acoustic insulation system for buildings, Applied Acoustics 89: 46-56.
Pérez, G., et al. (2011), Green vertical systems for buildings as passive systems for energy savings, Applied Energy 88(12): 4854-4859.
Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E; Baghaei Daemei, A; and Asadi Malekjahan, F (2019), Simulation study of the eco green roof in order to reduce heat transfer in four different climatic zones, Results in Engineering, Volume 2: 100010.
Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E; Purshaba, F; Noormousavi Nasab, S; Baghaei Daemei, A; Eghbal Yakhdani, P; and Vali, R (2018), Traditional Climate Responsible Solutions in Iranian Ancient Architecture in Humid Region, Civil Engineering Journal, Volume 4, Issue 10: 2502-2512.
Baghaei Daemei, A; Eghbali, S.R; and Mehrinejad Khotbehsara, E (2019), Bioclimatic design strategies: A guideline to enhance human thermal comfort in Cfa climate zones, Journal of Building Engineering, Volume 25: 100758.
Baghaei Daemei, A; Haghgooy Osmavandani, P; and Samim Nikpey, M (2018), Study on Vernacular Architecture Patterns to Improve Natural Ventilation Estimating in Humid Subtropical Climate, Civil Engineering Journal, Volume 4, Issue 9: 2097-2110.
X. Nan, H. Yan, R. Wu, Y. Shi, Z. Bao, Assessing the thermal performance of living wall systems in wet and cold climates during the winter, Energy and Building, 208 (2020) 109680, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.109680.
Azmoodeh, M.; and Heidari, S (2014). Investigation of spatial and temporal distributions of air pollutants over Tehran in cold months of 2011-2013. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 16(1): 361-370 (in Persian).
Azmoodeh, M.; and Heidari, S (2017). Effect of Urban Green Walls on Reduction of Temperature in Microclimates and Urban Heat Island. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 19(5): 597-606. doi: 10.22034/jest.2017.11398 (in Persian).
Azmoodeh, M.; Heidari, S.; and Zamani, Z (1970). CBA Evaluation of Green Walls Implementation in Tehran City. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 21(3): 237-247. doi: 10.22034/jest.2019.14556 (in Persian).
Kolyaei, M.; Hamzenejad, M.; Litkouhi, S.; and Bahrami, P. (2020). The impact internal and external indicators green wall On Environmental and Energy Savings Performance. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology 21(11): 253-267. doi: 10.22034/jest.2018.20435.2946 (in Persian).
Kolyaei, M.; Hamzenejad, M.; Bahrami, P.; and Litkouhi, S (2018). Comparing different types of green wall in order to achieve sustainability. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, doi: 10.22034/jest.2018.16480.2505 (in Persian).
Bjerre, A.L (2011), “Green Walls.” Bachelor of Architectural Technology and Construction Management, VIA University College, Horsens, Denmark.
Susorova, I; Azimi, P; and Stephens, B (2014). The effects of climbing vegetation on the local microclimate, thermal performance, and air infiltration of four building facade orientations, Building and Environment 76: 113-124.
Olivieri, F., et al. (2014), Experimental study of the thermal-energy performance of an insulated vegetal façade under summer conditions in a continental mediterranean climate, Building and Environment 77: 61-76.
Cameron, R.W.F; Taylor, J; and Emmett, M (2015), A Hedera green façade – Energy performance and saving under different maritime-temperate, winter weather conditions, Building and Environment 92: 111-121.
Djedjig, R; Bozonnet, E; Belarbi, R (2016), Modeling green wall interactions with street canyons for building energy simulation in urban context, Urban Climate, Volume 16: 75-85.
Wong, I; Baldwin, A.N (2016), Investigating the potential of applying vertical green walls to high-rise residential buildings for energy-saving in sub-tropical region, Building and Environment, Volume 97: 34-39.
Hoelscher, M.T; Nehls, T; Jänicke, B; and Wessolek, G (2016), Quantifying cooling effects of facade greening: Shading, transpiration and insulation, Energy and Buildings, Volume 114: 283-290.
Coma, J; Pérez, G; Gracia, A.D; Burés, S, Urrestarazu, M; and Cabeza, L.F (2017), Vertical greenery systems for energy savings in buildings: A comparative study between green walls and green facades, Building and Environment, Volume 111: 228-237.
Serra, VL; Candelari, BE; Giordano, R; Montacchini, E; Tedesco, S; Larcher, F; Schiavi, A (2017). A novel vertical greenery module system for building envelopes: The results and outcomes of a multidisciplinary research project, Energy and Buildings, Volume 146: 333-352.
Pérez, G; Coma, J; Sol, S; and Cabeza, LF (2017), Green facade for energy savings in buildings: The influence of leaf area index and facade orientation on the shadow effect, Applied Energy, Volume 187: 424-437.
Helge, S (2016), Modeling urban microclimate: development, implementation and evaluation of new and improved calculation methods for the urban microclimate model ENVI-met, Dissertation Universit¨at Mainz Geographisches Institut. URL: https://publications.ub.uni-mainz.de/theses/frontdoor.php?source_opus=100000507.
Radić, M; Dodig, MB; Auer, T (2019), Green facades and living walls-A review establishing the classification of construction types and mapping the benefits, Sustainability, Volume 11 (17): 4579, https://doi.org/10.3390/su11174579.
