Measurement of Fluoride ions concentration in a variety of black tea brands and their brews

Subject Areas : Environmental pollutions (water, soil and air)

alireza mohammadi ¹ (Young Researchers & Elites Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran)
hassan parvizi mosaed ² (Young Researchers & Elites Club, Hamedan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Hamedan, Iran)

Received: 2015-04-11 Accepted : 2016-04-27 Published : 2019-06-22

Keywords: Limits, Fluoride, Black tea, Daily intake,

Abstract :

Background and Objective: Fluoride is one of the most well-known and useful substances to inhibit tooth decay and bone caries, but high doses of it can cause dental and skeletal fluorosis. Since tea and water contains fluoride, the present study was performed to measure fluoride concentration in drinking water and tea in Tehran in 2014 year. Method: In this descriptive-analysis study, 25 types of Iranian and foreign brands of tea available in Tehran's market and 30 samples of drinking water from Tehran city were studied in 4 replications. The amount of fluoride in the tea and brewed tea samples within 3, 5 and 10 m and water samples after digestion were measured by fluoride ion selective electrode. Finally, the obtained data was analyzed by SPSS Ver. 18 software. Findings: The results indicated that the amounts of fluoride in different brands of tea, tea solution and water were 22.2-303.8 mg/kg, 0.2–2.37 mg/L and 0.95-0.012 mg/L, respectively. Also, the results showed that the amount of released fluoride in tea increases with the increase of brewing time. Therefore, after 3, 5 and 10 m, the average percentages of fluoride released in the tea solution were 31.88%, 53.34% and 78.08% respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: Finally, it was found that daily consumption of five cups of the studied tea by children and adults may not lead to health problem. However, other sources of fluoride ions such as drinking water, etc should be taken into consideration to prevent the occurrence of skeletal and dental diseases.

References:

1. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)., 2012. Current situation and medium term outlook for tea. A report from the Committee on Commodity Problems. 20th Session of the Intergovernmental Group on Tea, Colombo, Sri Lanka.


2. Hicks, A., 2009. Current status and future development of global tea production and tea products. Assumption University Journal of Technology, 12:251-264.

1. Wiseman, SA., Balentine, DA., Frei, B., 1997. Antioxidants in tea. Critcal Review in Food Science and Nutrition, 37: pp 705-18.


2. Ekhvat, M., Vakili, D., 1999. Tea (implant, have and removal). Farabi publications. Tehran.


3. Fung, KF., Zhang, ZQ., Wong, JWC., Wong, MH., 1999. Fluoride contents in tea and soil from tea plantations and the release of fluoride into tea liquor during infusion. Environmental Pollution, 104: 197-205.


4. Cao, J., Bia, X., Zhao, Y., Liu, J., Zhou, D., Fang, S., 1996. The relationship of fluorosis and brick tea drinking in Chinese Tibetans. Environ Health Perspect, 104: 1340-3.


5. Hudaykuliyev, Y., Tastekin, M., Poyrazoglu, ES., Baspinar, E., Velioglua, YS., 2005. Variables affecting fluoride in Turkish black tea. Fluoride, 38: 38-43.


6. Hayacibara, MF., Queiroz, CS., Tabchoury, CP., Cury, JA., 2004. Fluoride and aluminum in teas and tea-based beverages. Revista de Saude Publica, 38: 100-105.


7. Fung, KF., Zhang, ZQ., Wong, JWC., Wong, MH., 2003. Aluminium and fluoride concentrations of three tee varieties growing at Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Environ Geochem Health, 25: 219-32.


8. Zazoli, MA., Mohseni Bandpey, A., Abbas Zade, M., 2004. Investigation fluoride amount of potable water in Torbat heydarie city and determine DMF index in students 12 -15 years in 2004 year. Journal environ reformers, 3, pp:27-33 (In Persian).


9. Lung, SC., Cheng, HW., Fu, CB., 2008. Potential exposure and risk of fluoride intakes from tea drinks produced in Taiwan. Journal Exposure Science Environmental Epidemiology, 18: 158-66.


10. Pinkham, JR., Casamassimo, PS., Fields, HW., McTigue, DJ., Nowak, AJ., 2005. Pediatric Dentistry: Infancy through Adolescence. In: Nowak A, Crall JJ, editors. Prevention of dental diseases.4th ed., Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders, 220-236.


11. Malinowska, E., Inkielewicz, I., Czarnowski, W., Szefer, P., 2008. Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 46: 1055-61.


12. Tokalioglu, S., Kartal, S., Sahin, U., 2004. Determination of fluoride in various samples and some infusions using a fluoride selective electrode. Turkish Journal Chemistry, 28:204-11.


13. Kalayci, S., Somer, S., 2004. Factors affecting the extraction of fluoride from tea: Application to three tea samples. Fluoride. 2003; 36:267-70; clarification: Fluoride, 37:238.


14. Duckworth, SC., Duckworth, R., 1978. The ingestion of fluoride in tea. British Dental Journal, 153:64-6.


15. Cao, J., Zhao, Y., Li, Y., Deng, HJ., Yi, J., Liu, JW., 2006. Fluoride levels in various black tea comodities: Measurement and safety evaluation. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 44: 1131-1137.


16. APHA, AWWA, WPCF., 2005. Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 21th Ed. Washington DC, USA: American Public Health Association, 1168-9.


17. Zhen, Y., 2002. Tea: Bioactivity and therapeutic potential, 1st ed. New York: Taylor & Francis, 40-190.


18. Ferrazzano, GF., Amato, I., Ingenito, A., De Natale, A., Pollio, A., 2009. Anti-cariogenic effects of polyphenols from plant stimulant beverages (cocoa, coffee, tea). Fitoterapia, 80(5):255-62.


19. Yu, H., Oho, T., Xu, LX., 1995. Effects of several tea components on acid resistance of human tooth enamel. J Dent, 23(2):101-5.


20. Linke, HA., LeGeros, RZ., 2003. Black tea extract and dental carries formation in hamsters. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 54(1):89-95.


21. Simpson, A., Shaw, L., Smith, AJ., 2001. The bioavailability of fluoride from tea. J Dent, 29(1): 15-21.


22. Whyte, MP., Totty, WG., Lim, VT., 2008. Whitford GM. Skeletal fluorosis from instant tea. J Bone Miner Res, 23(5):759-69.


23. Burt, BA., 1992. The changing pattern of systemic fluoride intake. J Dent Res, 71(5):1228-37.


24. Karami nogorani, M., Javadi nezhad, Sh., Didehban, N., Talebi, M., 2001. Comparison the fluoride content in tea type four by two method spectrophotometry and ionic chromatogaraphy, Journal of dentistry of dentists Islamic association, 22(3): 167-174.


25. Asadi, M., Mohebi, S., Behnami Por, S., Hassan Por, F., Hozori, M., 2013. Investigation received fluoride concentration by disposability water and tea in citizenship Ghom city in 2012. Journal researchers system of health, pp: 1671-1678 (In Persian).


26. Chan, JT., Koh, SH., 1996. Fluoride content in caffeinated, decaffeinated and herbal teas. Caries, 30(1): 88-92.


27. Mahavi, AH., Zazoli, MA., Younecian, M., Esfandiari, Y., 2006. Fluoride content of Iranian black tea and liquor. Research report Fluoride, 39(4)266–268.


28. Mojarad, F., Khanlari, E., 2012. Investigation fluoride amount of general tea different type in Iran. Journal medical sciences and services of sanitarian, treatment Hamedan, 3, pp: 36-42 (In Persian).


29. Samadi, Z., Mohammad Zadeh, J., Movaghati Moghadam, M., Eghbali Asl, S., Abdolahi, S., 2013. Investigation and analysis of secure amount and fit fluoride and its daily receive in tea types. The first seminar of nation secure trophical. Islamic Azad University of Savad koh.


30. Sadeghi, A., Moheb Rad, B., Zarif Gheraati Oftadeh, B., Tahaghoghi Mirhoseini, S., 2011. Investigation fluoride amount in types four from vesicular tea producted in inside. The fourth congress of nation of environ sanitation.


31. Esfahani Zadeh, K., Hemati, G., Valaei, N., 2009. Investigation effect of boil time on released fluoride from tea. Journal rsearch in dentistry science, 4: 63-68.


32. Chandrajith, R., Abeypala, U., Dissanayake, CB., Tobschall, HJ., 2007. Fluoride in Ceylon tea and its implications to dental health. Environ Geochem Health, 29:429-34.


33. Shu, WS., Zhang, ZQ., Lan, CY., Wong, MH., 2003. Fluoride and aluminium concentrations of tea plants and tea products from Sichuan Province. PR China. Chemosphere, 52:1475-1482.


34. Kalayci, S., Somer, G., 2003. Factors affecting the extraction of fluoride from tea: Application to three tea samples. Fluoride, 36(41): 267-270.


35. Malde, MK., Simonsen, P., Julshamn, K, Bjorvatn, K., 2005. Releasing and absorption of fluoride from tea leaves. depending on the fluoride content of water. Clin Dent Res, 366(2): 915-17.


36. Omrani, M., Dehghani, B., 2009. Detection of DMFT in 7-11 years old student in shiraz. Proceeding of the 12th of environmental health congress. Tehran, Shahid beheshti university, (In Persian).


37. Yadav, JP., Lata, S., 2003. Urinary fluoride levels and prevalence of dental fluorosis in children of Jhajjar District, Haryana. Indian J. Medical Sciences, 57(9): 394-9.


38. Shams, M., Mahavi, A.H., Mohammadi, A.A., 2008. Investigation fluoride and nitrate concentration ions in the drinking water distribution network of the city of water of Tabas city. The 12th National Conference of Environment Health, University of shahid beheshti of Tehran (In Persian).


39. Zerabruk, S., Chandravanshi, BS, Zewge, F., 2010. Fluoride in black and green tea (Camellia Sinensis) infusions in Ethiopia: measurement and safety evaluation. Bulletin of the Chemical Society Ethiopia, 24(3): 327-338.

6. Cao, J., Liu, J., Zhao, Y., Qu, H., Danzeng, S., Da, W., Guan, Y., 2004. Fluoride in newer tea commodities. The inyernational society for fluoride research.; 37(4): 296-300. 

29. Shyu, TH., Chen, J.H., Lee, YH., 2009. Determination of Fluoride in Tea Leaves and Tea Infusions by Ion Selective Electrode. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 17(1): 22-27.


30. Zhonglei, X., Zhuo, C., Wentian, S., Xiaojing, G., Bo, Y., Jinghua, W., 2007. Distribution of Aluminum and Fluoride in Tea Plant and Soil of Tea Garden in Central and Southwest China. Chinese Geographical Science, 17(4): 376–382.

37. Yuwono, M., 2005. Determination of fluoride in black, green and herbal teas by ion-selective electrode using a standard-addition method, Maj. Ked. Gigi. (Dental Journal, 38(2): 91–95.

46. Amanlou, M., Nabati, F., Azizian, H., Farsam, H., 2008. Assessment of fluoride content and daily intake from different brands of tea bags in Iran, School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3(2): 119-123.