Effects of different levels of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil on hepatorenal histopathology and biofunction, protein profile and immunity in broiler chickens

Subject Areas : Journal of Comparative Pathobiology

, S.  Amini ¹ (.MSc graduate, Department of Animal Sciences, Agriculture Faculty, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.)
, F.  Mohammadi ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Veterinary, Agriculture Faculty, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran f)
. HR.  Shahbazi ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Agriculture Faculty, Kermanshah branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran)

Received: 2021-05-02 Accepted : 2021-05-02 Published : 2020-06-21

Keywords: Broiler, S. aromaticum, Histopathology, Kidney, Liver, Protein, Immunity,

Abstract :

The current study was conducted to investigate the effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.) essential oil on hepatiorenal histopathology and biofunction, protein profile and immunity in broiler chickens. A 42-day fully randomized trial was conducted using 180 male broilers (Ross 308) divided into 4 main groups (15 birds in each) with three replicates, supplemented with the different levels of herbal essential oil as follow: I) Control (basal diet only); II) basal diet + 250 ppm oil; III) basal diet + 350 ppm oil; Ⅳ) basal diet + 450 ppm oil. The following indices were evaluated: relative weights of liver and kidney, renal injury biomarkers including urea and creatinine, hepatic biomarkers including the activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), protein profile including total protein, albumin and globulin and finally immunoglobulins A, G and M. Furthermore, histologic sections of liver and kidney were studied using a semi quantitative method. The obtained results indicated that clove could increase the levels of proteins and immunoglobulins dose dependently. However, the highest dose (450 ppm) could significantly alter hepatic and renal histopathology and biomarkers. Moreover, pathologic damages were more severe in liver compared to kidney. In conclusion, clove essential oil exerts beneficial effects on protein profile and immunity in broilers, however, it may damage liver and kidney in higher doses. Therefore, optimal and safe doses of the plant should be used.

References:

1-            Ventola CL. The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats. Pharmacy and Therapeutics. 2015;40(4):277.

2-            Hussein MM, Abd El-Hack ME, Mahgoub SA, Saadeldin IM, Swelum AA. Effects of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) oil on quail growth, carcass traits, blood components, meat quality, and intestinal microbiota. Poult Sci. 2018;98(1):319-29.

3-            Al-Mufarrej S, Al-Baadani H, Fazea E. Effect of level of inclusion of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) powder in the diet on growth and histological changes in the intestines and livers of broiler chickens. S Afr J Anim Sci. 2019;49(1):166-75.

4-            Cortés-Rojas DF, de Souza CRF, Oliveira WP. Clove (Syzygium aromaticum): a precious spice. Asian Pacific journal of tropical biomedicine. 2014;4(2):90-6.

5-            Alizadeh MR, Mahdavi A, Rahmani H, Jahanian E. Effects of different levels of clove bud (syzygium aromaticum) on yolk biochemical parameters and fatty acids profile, yolk oxidative stability, and ovarian follicle numbers of laying hens receiving different n-6 to n-3 ratios. Animal Feed Science Technology 2015;206:67-75.

6-            Dalkiliç B, Güler T. The effects of clove extract supplementation on performance and digestibility of nutrients in broilers. Fırat University Veterinary Journal of Health Sciences. 2009;23(3):161-6.

7-            Gandomani VT, Mahdavi A, Rahmani H, Riasi A, Jahanian E. Effects of different levels of clove bud (Syzygium aromaticum) on performance, intestinal microbial colonization, jejunal morphology, and immunocompetence of laying hens fed different n-6 to n-3 ratios. Livestock Science. 2014;167(1):236-48.

8-            Mehr MA, Hassanabadi A, Moghaddam HN, Kermanshahi H. Supplementation of clove essential oils and probiotic to the broiler's diet on performance, carcass traits and blood components. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 2014;4(1):117-22.

9-            Mohammadi Z, Ghazanfari S, Moradi MA. Effect of supplementing clove essential oil to the diet on microflora population, intestinal morphology, blood parameters and 

performance of broilers. Europian Poultry Science. 2014;78:1-11.

10-          Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, Khaksar V. Effects of carboxy methyl cellulose and thymol + carvacrol on performance, digesta viscosity and some blood metabolites of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2014;98(4):672-9.

11-          Nouri M, Ghorbani MR, Tatar A, Mehrnia MA. Effect of clove essential oil nanoemulsion on performance of broiler chickens fed diet based on wheat. Anim Prod. 2018;20(2):315-27.

12-          Ghazanfari S, Mohammadi Z, Adibmoradi M. Effects of clove essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chicken. Vet J. 2014(102):67-76.

13-          NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th ed: National Academy Press, Washington DC.; 1994.

14-          Fani makki O, Ebrahimzadeh A, Ansari nik H, Ghazaghi M. Effect of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herbs on immunity and some blood metabolites in broiler chicks. J Vet Clin Pathol  2013;7(26):1837-906.

15-          Karami M, Asri-Rezaei S, Dormanesh B, Nazarizadeh A. Comparative study of radioprotective effects of selenium anoparticles and sodium selenite in irradiation-induced nephropathy of mice model. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018;94(1):17-27.

16-          Scanes CG. The Global Importance of Poultry. Poultry Science. 2007;86(6):1057-8.

17-          fanimakki o, ebrahimzade a, ansarinik h, ghazaghi m. Effect of Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) and Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) herbs on immunity and some blood metabolites in broiler chicks. Scientific Journal Management System. 2013;7(2 (26) Summer):1836-43.

18-          Nobakht A, Norani J, Safamehr A. The effects of different amounts of Mentha pulegium L.(pennyroyal) on performance, carcass traits, hematological and blood biochemical parameters of broilers. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 2011;5(16):3763-8.

19-          Jahani H, Mazhari M, Ziaiee N, Mirmahmoudi R. Comparison of the effect of Dianthus extract, Protexin probiotic and Virginamycin on performance, blood metabolites, microbial community and intestine histopathology of broilers. Animal Sciences Journal. 2017;30(114):113-28.

20-          Adefegha SA, Oyeleye SI, Okeke BM, Oboh G. Influence of eugenol on oxidative stress biomarkers in the liver of carrageenan-induced arthritis rats. J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol. 2018;30(2):185-93.

21-          Mohammadi Z, Ghazanfari S, Adibmoradi M. Effects of clove essential oil on growth performance, carcass characteristics and immune system in broiler chicken. Veterinary Researches & Biological Products. 2014;27(1):67-76.nanoparticles and sodium selenite in irradiation-induced nephropathy of mice model. Int J Radiat Biol. 2018;94(1):17-27.

22-          Hashemipour H, Kermanshahi H, Golian A, Khaksar V. Effects of carboxy methyl cellulose and thymol+ carvacrol on performance, digesta viscosity and some blood metabolites of broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr. 2014;98(4):672-9.

23-          Bezerra DP, Militao GCG, de Morais MC, de Sousa DP. The Dual Antioxidant/Prooxidant Effect of Eugenol and Its Action in Cancer Development and Treatment. Nutrients. 2017;9(12).

24-          Alsultan S, A.A G. Histopathological Changes in the Livers of Broiler Chicken Supplemented with Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ). International Journal of Poultry Science. 2004;3.

25-          Emiola IA, Ologhobo AD, Gous RM. Performance and histological responses of internal organs of broiler chickens fed raw, dehulled, and aqueous and dry-heated kidney bean meals. Poult Sci. 2007;86(6):1234-40.