Assessment of Changes in Weed Dry Weight and some Characteristics of Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) under Different Sources of Fertilizer and Intercropping
Subject Areas : Journal of Crop EcophysiologySaeid Heydarzadeh 1 , Jalal Jalilian 2
1 - Ph.D. Student of Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
2 - دانشگاه ارومیه
Keywords: Seed yield, Organic manure, Cover crops, Fertilizer systems, Oil seed,
Abstract :
To study the effect of different organic and chemical fertilizers on weed biomass and some characteristics of safflower, a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was done at the Urmia University Reaearch Farm in 2013. Treatments consisted of growing of cover crops (red clover, grass pea, hairy, bitter vetch) along with the safflower rows and two weed control treatments (with and without weed) as a first factor and application of organic manure (cattle manure+biofertilizer) and the different nitrogen and phosphuros fertilizer levels (100 % of recommended chemical fertilizer, 67 and 63 % of recommended N and P, 50 and 40 % of recommended N and P) as second factor. Results showed that the biomass yield of broad and narrow leaf weeds affected by the combined treatments of cover crops and use of fertilizers. The biomass yield of broad and narrow leaf weeds were redused by 74.78, 82.22% under vetch cover crop when 50 and 40% of recommended N and P fertilizers were used, in comparison with sole culture of safflower and use of 100% of recommended chemical fertilizers. The maximum of seed yield (3431 kg.ha-1) and biological yield (8239 kg.ha-1) of safflower obtained from using 100% of recommended chemical fertilizers and without growing cover crops. Results, as a whole, showed that at higher levels of chemical fertilizers the competitive effects of weeds on safflower were higher than lower levels of fertilizers.
Alloway, B.J. 2008. Zinc in soil and crop nutrition. Second edition, Published by International Zinc Assocation and International Fertilizer Industry Assocation, Brussels, Belgium and Paris, France. 136 pp.
Anim, O., and N.V. Limbani. 2007. Effect of intercropping on the growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9: 594-597.
Barberi, P. 2002. Weed management in organic agriculture: are we addressing the right issues? Weed Research. 42: 177–193.
Barker, D.C., S.Z. Knezevic, A.R. Martin, D.T. Walters, and J.L. Lindquist. 2006. Effect of nitrogen addition on the comparative productivity of corn and velvetleaf. Weed science. 54: 354-363.
Biari, A., A. Gholami, and H.A. Rahmani. 2011. Effect of different plant growth promotion bacteria (Azotobacter, Azospirillum) on growth parameters and yield of field maize. Journal of Water and Soil. 25: 1-10. (In Persian).
Corre-Hellou, G., J. Fustes, and Y. Crozat. 2006. Interspecific competition for soil N and its interaction with N2 fixation, leaf expansion and crop growth in pea-barley intercrops. Plant and Soil. 282: 195-208.
Dajue, L., and H.H. Mundel. 1996. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Institute of Plant, Genetic and Crop Plant Research, Gatesleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 83 pp.
Goldani, M., S. Bakhshaie, and P. Rezvan Moghaddam. 2015. The effect of shoot/root competition of black night shade (Solanum nigrum) on growth and seed yield of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 12: 597-604. (In Persian).
Hassanzadeh Ghort Tapeh, A., and A. Gholinazhad. 2014. Sustainable agriculture. Urmia Jahad-e-Daneshgahi Press. 244 pp. (In Persian).
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., M. Gooding, P. Ambus, G. Corre-Hellou, Y. Crozat, C. Dahlman, A. Dibet, P. Von Fragstein, A. Pristeri, M. Monti, and E.S. Jensen. 2009. Pea-barley ittercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation, soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems. Field Crops Research. 113: 64-71.
Heydarzadeh, S., and J. Jalilian. 2014. Changes in yield of cover crops in intercropping with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different fertilizer systems and weed infestation. Research in Field Crops. 2(1): 38-49. (In Persian).
ISTA. 2009. International rules for seed testing. The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).
Jalilian, J., and S. Heydarzadeh. 2015. Effect of cover crops, crganic and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 25: 71-85. (In Persian).
Javanmard, A., and F. Shekari. 2016. Improvement of seed yield, its components and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by applications of chemical and organic fertilizers. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10: 35-56. (In Persian).
Kafi, M., A. Zand, B. Kamkar, F. Abbasi, D. Mahdavi Damghani, and H.R. Sharifi. 2013. Plant Physiology. Mashhad Jahad-e-Daneshgahi Press. 676 pp. (In Persian).
Khan, I., H. Gul, I. Muhammad Khan, and M. Gul. 2007. Effect of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) population and nitrogen levels on some agronomic traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 31: 91-101.
Kohnaward, P., J. Jalilian, and A. Pirzad. 2012. Effect of foliar application of micro-nutrients on yield and yield components of safflower under conventional and ecological cropping systems. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3: 1460-1469.
Leon, R.G., A.D. Knapp, and M.D.K. Owen. 2004. Effect of temperature on the germination of common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Science. 52: 67-73.
Malekoti, M.J. 2000. Sustainable agriculture and increase yield by optimizing the use of fertilizers in the Iran. Karaj Publication. 460 pp. (In Persian).
Mirshekari, B., A. Dabbagh mohammadi nasab, A. Javanshir, G. Noormohammadi, and H. Rahimian mashhadi. 2007. Effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) competition on yield and yield components of sunflower hybrid azarghol (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 13: 171-179. (In Persian).
Mottaghian, A., H. Pirdashti, M.A. Bahmanyar, and B. Motaghian. 2016. Response of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to type and amount of organic fertilizer applications in intercropping with sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10: 1-18. (In Persian).
Najafi, H. 2013. Effects of autumn and spring sown cover crops on weed control in sugar beet. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 14: 370-382. (In Persian).
Nasirinejad, M., A. Bagheri, and A. Jafari. 2012. Evaluation the effect of C3 and C4 weeds and different levels of nitrogen on growth and biomass production of sunflower (Heliantheus annus L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 14: 14-24. (In Persian).
Olama, V., A.M. Ronaghi, N.A. Karimian, J. Yasrebi, R. Hamidi, and M. Tavajjoh. 2013. Comparison of yield, yield components and seed quality (oil and protein content) of two rapeseed cultivars as affected by different levels of soil-applied nitrogen and zinc. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 4: 83-98. (In Persian).
Sajedi, N., and M.R. Ardakani. 2008. Effect of different levels of nitrogen, iron and zinc on physiological indices and forage yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Markazi province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 6: 99-110. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharifi, R., and S. Hakam Alipur. 2010. Forage crops. Amidi Tabriz Press. 585 pp. (In Persian).
Singer, J.W., K.A. Kohler, M. Liebman, T.L. Richard, C.A. Cambardella, and D.D. Buhler. 2004. Tillage and compost affect yield of corn, soybean, and wheat and soil fertility. Agronomy Journal. 96: 531–537.
Sirousmehr, A., M.R. Shakiba, H. Alyari, M. Torchi, and A. dabbagh Mohammadinasab. 2008. Effects of water deficit stress and plant density on yield and some morphological traits of Autumn-sown safflower cultivars. Pajouhesh-va- Sazandegi. 78:80-87. (In Persian).
Sorkhi, F. 2016. Grain yield and growth traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as affected by interference with wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10: 19-33. (In Persian).
Swanton, C.J., and S.D. Murphy. 1996. Weed science beyond the weeds: The role of integrated weed management (IWM) in agroecosystem health. Weed Science Society of America. 44: 437-445.
Uzun, B., C. Arslan, and S. Furat. 2008. Variation in fatty acid compositions, oil content and oil yield in a germplasm collection of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal American Oil Chemists Society. 85: 1135–1142.
· Yanegh, A.J, P. Rezvan Moghaddam, H. Zarghani, and M, Mohammedan. 2013. Assessment of above- and below-ground competition between sesame (sesamume indicum L.) and pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus) and its effects on sesame yield and yield components. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11: 88-96. (In Persian).
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Alloway, B.J. 2008. Zinc in soil and crop nutrition. Second edition, Published by International Zinc Assocation and International Fertilizer Industry Assocation, Brussels, Belgium and Paris, France. 136 pp.
Anim, O., and N.V. Limbani. 2007. Effect of intercropping on the growth and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench). International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 9: 594-597.
Barberi, P. 2002. Weed management in organic agriculture: are we addressing the right issues? Weed Research. 42: 177–193.
Barker, D.C., S.Z. Knezevic, A.R. Martin, D.T. Walters, and J.L. Lindquist. 2006. Effect of nitrogen addition on the comparative productivity of corn and velvetleaf. Weed science. 54: 354-363.
Biari, A., A. Gholami, and H.A. Rahmani. 2011. Effect of different plant growth promotion bacteria (Azotobacter, Azospirillum) on growth parameters and yield of field maize. Journal of Water and Soil. 25: 1-10. (In Persian).
Corre-Hellou, G., J. Fustes, and Y. Crozat. 2006. Interspecific competition for soil N and its interaction with N2 fixation, leaf expansion and crop growth in pea-barley intercrops. Plant and Soil. 282: 195-208.
Dajue, L., and H.H. Mundel. 1996. Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops. Institute of Plant, Genetic and Crop Plant Research, Gatesleben/ International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy. 83 pp.
Goldani, M., S. Bakhshaie, and P. Rezvan Moghaddam. 2015. The effect of shoot/root competition of black night shade (Solanum nigrum) on growth and seed yield of mung bean (Vigna radiate L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Research. 12: 597-604. (In Persian).
Hassanzadeh Ghort Tapeh, A., and A. Gholinazhad. 2014. Sustainable agriculture. Urmia Jahad-e-Daneshgahi Press. 244 pp. (In Persian).
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., M. Gooding, P. Ambus, G. Corre-Hellou, Y. Crozat, C. Dahlman, A. Dibet, P. Von Fragstein, A. Pristeri, M. Monti, and E.S. Jensen. 2009. Pea-barley ittercropping for efficient symbiotic N2-fixation, soil N acquisition and use of other nutrients in European organic cropping systems. Field Crops Research. 113: 64-71.
Heydarzadeh, S., and J. Jalilian. 2014. Changes in yield of cover crops in intercropping with safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) under different fertilizer systems and weed infestation. Research in Field Crops. 2(1): 38-49. (In Persian).
ISTA. 2009. International rules for seed testing. The International Seed Testing Association (ISTA).
Jalilian, J., and S. Heydarzadeh. 2015. Effect of cover crops, crganic and chemical fertilizer on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius). Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Production Science. 25: 71-85. (In Persian).
Javanmard, A., and F. Shekari. 2016. Improvement of seed yield, its components and oil content of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) by applications of chemical and organic fertilizers. Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10: 35-56. (In Persian).
Kafi, M., A. Zand, B. Kamkar, F. Abbasi, D. Mahdavi Damghani, and H.R. Sharifi. 2013. Plant Physiology. Mashhad Jahad-e-Daneshgahi Press. 676 pp. (In Persian).
Khan, I., H. Gul, I. Muhammad Khan, and M. Gul. 2007. Effect of wild oat (Avena fatua L.) population and nitrogen levels on some agronomic traits of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry. 31: 91-101.
Kohnaward, P., J. Jalilian, and A. Pirzad. 2012. Effect of foliar application of micro-nutrients on yield and yield components of safflower under conventional and ecological cropping systems. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. 3: 1460-1469.
Leon, R.G., A.D. Knapp, and M.D.K. Owen. 2004. Effect of temperature on the germination of common waterhemp (Amaranthus tuberculatus), giant foxtail (Setaria faberi), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Science. 52: 67-73.
Malekoti, M.J. 2000. Sustainable agriculture and increase yield by optimizing the use of fertilizers in the Iran. Karaj Publication. 460 pp. (In Persian).
Mirshekari, B., A. Dabbagh mohammadi nasab, A. Javanshir, G. Noormohammadi, and H. Rahimian mashhadi. 2007. Effects of redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) competition on yield and yield components of sunflower hybrid azarghol (Helianthus annuus L.). Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 13: 171-179. (In Persian).
Mottaghian, A., H. Pirdashti, M.A. Bahmanyar, and B. Motaghian. 2016. Response of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) to type and amount of organic fertilizer applications in intercropping with sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10: 1-18. (In Persian).
Najafi, H. 2013. Effects of autumn and spring sown cover crops on weed control in sugar beet. Iranian Journal of Crop Sciences. 14: 370-382. (In Persian).
Nasirinejad, M., A. Bagheri, and A. Jafari. 2012. Evaluation the effect of C3 and C4 weeds and different levels of nitrogen on growth and biomass production of sunflower (Heliantheus annus L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 14: 14-24. (In Persian).
Olama, V., A.M. Ronaghi, N.A. Karimian, J. Yasrebi, R. Hamidi, and M. Tavajjoh. 2013. Comparison of yield, yield components and seed quality (oil and protein content) of two rapeseed cultivars as affected by different levels of soil-applied nitrogen and zinc. Journal of Science and Technology of Greenhouse Culture. 4: 83-98. (In Persian).
Sajedi, N., and M.R. Ardakani. 2008. Effect of different levels of nitrogen, iron and zinc on physiological indices and forage yield of maize (Zea mays L.) in Markazi province. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 6: 99-110. (In Persian).
Seyed Sharifi, R., and S. Hakam Alipur. 2010. Forage crops. Amidi Tabriz Press. 585 pp. (In Persian).
Singer, J.W., K.A. Kohler, M. Liebman, T.L. Richard, C.A. Cambardella, and D.D. Buhler. 2004. Tillage and compost affect yield of corn, soybean, and wheat and soil fertility. Agronomy Journal. 96: 531–537.
Sirousmehr, A., M.R. Shakiba, H. Alyari, M. Torchi, and A. dabbagh Mohammadinasab. 2008. Effects of water deficit stress and plant density on yield and some morphological traits of Autumn-sown safflower cultivars. Pajouhesh-va- Sazandegi. 78:80-87. (In Persian).
Sorkhi, F. 2016. Grain yield and growth traits of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as affected by interference with wild oat (Avena ludoviciana L.). Journal of Crop Ecophysiology. 10: 19-33. (In Persian).
Swanton, C.J., and S.D. Murphy. 1996. Weed science beyond the weeds: The role of integrated weed management (IWM) in agroecosystem health. Weed Science Society of America. 44: 437-445.
Uzun, B., C. Arslan, and S. Furat. 2008. Variation in fatty acid compositions, oil content and oil yield in a germplasm collection of sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). Journal American Oil Chemists Society. 85: 1135–1142.
· Yanegh, A.J, P. Rezvan Moghaddam, H. Zarghani, and M, Mohammedan. 2013. Assessment of above- and below-ground competition between sesame (sesamume indicum L.) and pigweed (amaranthus retroflexus) and its effects on sesame yield and yield components. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 11: 88-96. (In Persian).