The Effect of Social Capital and Human Capital on Water Pollution in Iranian Provinces

Subject Areas : Agricultural Economics Research

zana mozaffari ¹

1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Economics, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran

Received: 2018-03-08 Accepted : 2022-04-19 Published : 2022-04-21

Keywords: Social Capital, Human Capital, GMM, Water Pollution,

Abstract :

Water is one of the most important and vital factors in the life of living organisms. In this regard, prevention of water pollution is equally important and important. Water contaminating agents are very diverse and can pollute both groundwater and surface water. The main of this paper is to investigate the effect of social capital and human capital on water pollution in Iranian provinces during the period of 1396-1386. In this regard, using fuzzy logic of social capital was estimated in each province of the country and resulted showed large difference between provinces, then according to the dynamism of the model, the method of generalized moments was used. The results showed that social capital and human capital had a negative and significant effect on water pollution. Water contamination of the previous period, industrialization, economic growth and urbanization have had a positive and significant impact on water pollution in Iran's provinces. Also, the use of chemical fertilizer in agricultural land also has a positive and significant impact on water pollution.

References:

1. Biabi, H., Mohammadi, H., Abolhassani, L. The Impact of Some Economic Factors Affecting Groundwater Pollution in Both Developed and Developing Countries. Journal of Agricultural Economics and Development, 2015; 29(1): 86-93.

https://jead.um.ac.ir/article_33036.html?lang=fa

2. Emami, A., Khorsandi, M., Morshedi, B. Study of Effective Factors on Environmental Degradation by Using Water Pollution: A Case Study of Iran. Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, 2015; 4(13): 69-84.

https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1039.html?lang=fa

3. Salatin, P., Tajik, S. The Effect of Water Pollution on Health Economics: A Panel Data Approach. Human & Environment, 2017; 15(3): 47-57.

 https://he.srbiau.ac.ir/article_11059.html?lang=fa

4. Managi, S., Hibiki, A., & Tsurumi, T. Does trade liberalization reduce pollution emissions? Discussion papers, 2008: 8013.

https://ideas.repec.org/p/eti/dpaper/08013.html

5. Fine, B. Social Capital versus Social Theory. Political Economy and Social Science at the Turn of the mileninum, edited by Johnatan Michie, Birkberck College, University of London, UK, 2001.

https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0297.t01-6-00105

6. Dinda, S. Social capital in the creation of human capital and economic growth: A productive consumption approach. The Journal of Socio-Economics, 2008: 37(5), 2020-2033.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2007.06.014

7. Woolcock, M., & Narayan, D. Social capital: Implications for development theory, research, and policy. The worldbank research observer, 2000: 15(2), 225-249.

https://doi.org/10.1093/wbro/15.2.225

8. Najarzadeh, R., Ezzati, M., Soleimani, M. Measuring Social Capital among Elites in Tehran Province (Using Resource Generator Model). Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 2014; 4(16): 104-89.

http://egdr.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_1141.html?lang=fa

9. Grootaert, C., & Van Bastelaer, T. (Eds.). Understanding and measuring social capital: A multidisciplinary tool for practitioner, 2002: (Vol. 1). World Bank Publications.‏

http://hdl.handle.net/10986/14098

10. Nasrollahi, Z., Eslami, R. Study of the Relationship between Social Capital and Sustainable Development in Iran (Using Robert Foa Model (Quarterly Journal of Economic Growth and Development Research, 2014; 4(13): 78-61.

http://egdr.journals.pnu.ac.ir/article_612.html?lang=fa

11. Westlund, H., & Bolton, R. Local social capital and entrepreneurship. Small business economics, 2003: 21(2), 77-113.‏

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025024009072

12. Jones, N., Evangelinos, K., Gaganis, P., & Polyzou, E. Citizens’ perceptions on water conservation policies and the role of social capital. Water Resources Management, 2011: 25(2), 509-522.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-010-9711-z

13. Kargar Dehbidi, N., Esmaeili, A. Assessing the Effects of Economic Factors on Environmental Pollution in Iran. Agricultural Economics Research, 2018; 9(36): 85-108.

http://jae.miau.ac.ir/article_2582.html?lang=fa

14. Dulal, H. B., Roberto, F., & Knowles, S. T. E. P. H. E. N. Can differences in the quality of social institutions and social capital explain cross-country environmental performance. In New Zealand Association of Economists Conference in Wellington 2008: (pp. 9-11).‏

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26199378

15. Ibrahim, M. H., & Law, S. H. Social capital and CO2 emission—output relations: a panel analysis. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2014: 29, 528-534.‏

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.076

16. Salatin, P., Ghaffari somea, N. Impact of human capital on environmental quality. Human & Environment, 2016; 14(2): 1-12.

https://he.srbiau.ac.ir/article_9358.html?lang=fa

17. Dehghani, H. Keshavarz, A. Water Productivity Index and Solutions for Future Agricultural Activities in Iran. Economic Strategy, 2012; 1(1): 199-233.

http://econrahbord.csr.ir/article_103211.html?lang=fa

18. Niazi Shahraki, Safdar. A Study of the Status of Islamic Republic of Iran's Water Resources in the Next 5 Years, Futurology Monthly, 2016: No. 36, pp. 7-2.

https://www.sid.ir/fa/seminar/ViewPaper.aspx?ID=67455

19. Inman, A., Winter, M., Wheeler, R., Vrain, E., Lovett, A., Collins, A., & Cleasby, W. An exploration of individual, social and material factors influencing water pollution mitigation behaviours within the farming community. Land Use Policy, 2018: 70, 16-26.‏

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.09.042

20. Mozaffari Z, Motafakker Azad M A. The Effect of Social Capital on Household electricity Consumption in Iranian Provinces. ieijqp. 2019; 7 (2):47-60.

http://ieijqp.ir/article-1-529-fa.html

21. Lehtonen, M. The environmental–social interface of sustainable development: capabilities, social capital, institutions. Ecological economics, 2004: 49(2), 199-214.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019

22. Illingworth, P. Ethics and social capital for global well-being. International Review of Economics, 2012: 59(4), 389-407.

https://doi.org/10.1007/s12232-012-0160-2

23. Vaghefi, E., Haghighatian, M. The Role of Cultural Capital Effect in Environmental Social Behaviors (Case Study: Shiraz City). Majlis and Rahbord, 2015; 22(84): 371-393.

https://nashr.majles.ir/article_133.html?lang=fa

24. Lee, T. H., Jan, F. H., & Yang, C. C. Conceptualizing and measuring environmentally responsible behaviors from the perspective of community-based tourists. Tourism Management, 2013: 36, 454-468.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.09.012

25. Jefferson, M. Sustainable energy development: performance and prospects. Renewable energy, 2006: 31(5), 571-582.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2005.09.002

26. Kabiri, A., Karimzadeh, S. Sociological analysis of the relationship between social capital and environmental concerns. Journal of Applied Sociology, 2017; 28(1): 53-66.

https://jas.ui.ac.ir/article_21250.html?lang=fa

27. Mohammadi, H., Sakhi, F. The relationship between trade, investment and human development index on environmental quality. Quarterly Journal of The Macro and Strategic Policies, 2013; 1(Vol1-No3): 55-75.

http://www.jmsp.ir/article_5724.html?lang=fa

28. Deng, H., & Huang, J. Environmental Pollution and Endogenous Growth: Models and Evidence from China," 2009 International Conference on Environmental Science and Information Application Technology, 2009, pp. 72-79.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5200068

29. Grafton, R. Q., & Knowles, S. Social capital and national environmental performance: a cross-sectional analysis. The Journal of Environment & Development, 2004: 13(4), 336-370.

https://doi.org/10.1177/1070496504271417

30. Barua, A., & Hubacek, K. Water pollution and economic growth: An Environmental Kuznets Curve analysis at the watershed and state level. International Journal of Ecological Economics and Statistics, 2008: 10, 63-78.

http://www.ceser.in/ceserp/index.php/ijees/article/view/1844

31. Liu, X., Heilig, G. K., Chen, J., & Heino, M. Interactions between economic growth and environmental quality in Shenzhen, China's first special economic zone. Ecological Economics, 2007: 62(3), 559-570.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2006.07.020

32. Lin, S., Zhao, D., & Marinova, D. Analysis of the environmental impact of China based on STIRPAT model. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 2009: 29(6), 341-347.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eiar.2009.01.009

33. Alam, S., Fatima, A., & Butt, M. S. Sustainable development in Pakistan in the context of energy consumption demand and environmental degradation. Journal of Asian Economics, 2007: 18(5), 825-837.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asieco.2007.07.005

34. Lan, J., & Munro, A. Environmental compliance and human capital: Evidence from Chinese industrial firms. Resource and Energy Economics, 2013: 35(4), 534-557.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2013.05.003

35. Al-Mulali, U., Saboori, B., & Ozturk, I. Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Vietnam. Energy Policy, 2015: 76, 123-131.

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.019

36. Keene, A., & Deller, S. C. Evidence of the environmental Kuznets’ curve among US counties and the impact of social capital. International Regional Science Review, 2015: 38(4), 358-387.

https://doi.org/10.1177/0160017613496633

37. Wu, C. Human capital, life expectancy, and the environment. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 2017: 26(8), 885-906.‏

https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2017.1314543

38. Saleh, I., Jahangard, H., Rafiee, H., Amirnejad, H. Investigation of Macro economical Variable on Water Pollution in Iran. Irrigation and Water Engineering, 2012; 2(2): 58-66.

http://www.waterjournal.ir/article_70413.html?lang=fa

39. Sadeghi, S. The Investigation of Relationship between CO2 Emissions and Water Pollutant in Iran (Environmental Economics Approach), geographical space, 2013: 13(43): 209-227.

http://geographical-space.iau-ahar.ac.ir/article-1-710-fa.html

40. Feshari, M., Mohammadi Aghdam, K., Ghamari, N. The Relationship between Agricultural and Industrial Development with Water Pollution in Iran (Toda- Yamamoto and DOLS Approaches). Economic Development Policy, 2015; 3(3): 131-154.

https://edp.alzahra.ac.ir/article_2609.html?lang=fa

41. Haddian, A. The effect of population growth on environment in Iran and other countries in the MENA region. Quarterly Journal of the Macro and Strategic Policies, 2018; 6(21): 40-60.

http://www.jmsp.ir/article_57995.html?lang=fa

42. Choi, J., Hearne, R., Lee, K., & Roberts, D. The relation between water pollution and economic growth using the environmental Kuznets curve: a case study in South Korea. Water International, 2015: 40(3), 499-512.

https://doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2015.1036387

43. Motafakerazad, M., karimitakanloo, Z., sadeghi, S., ranjpour, R. Study of Relationship between Social Capital and Labor Productivity in Iran. Journal of Applied Economics Studies in Iran, 2016; 5(17): 109-129.

https://aes.basu.ac.ir/article_1409.html?lang=fa