Identification and comparison of chemical components of various Cedar leaf extracts by using different extraction methods and antibacterial activity of them on some of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
Subject Areas :
Nikoo Haghanizadeh
1
,
Elham Hassibi
2
*
,
Forozandeh Razaghian
3
1 - .Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
2 - Professor Assistant, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
3 - Professor Assistant, Department of Chemistry, Islamic Azad University North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
Keywords: Cedar (Zizyphus spina-christi. L), Extract, Soxhlet, Maceration, MIC, MBC.,
Abstract :
The harmful side effects of chemical drugs, the resistance of microbes to antibiotics, the abundance of plants and the proof of the harmlessness of most herbal drugs, made the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasize the replacement of natural substances instead of chemicals, especially in the field of healthcare. Since plant extracts are very good antibacterial sources, in this research, ethanolic and n-hexane extracts of Cedar (Zizyphus spina-christi. L) were extracted by maceration and Soxhlet extraction methods and their components identified and compared by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Squalene and phytol were significantly found in all four extracts. The antibacterial effects of the extracts were investigated by dilution method on three strains of gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis and three strains of Gram-negative bacteria: Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The results of the MIC test showed that the ethanolic extract by Soxhlet method had the largest and the n-hexane extract by the same method had the lowest inhibition on all bacteria strains in this research. The MBC test results showed that the ethanolic extracts had the ability to destroy all the strains of gram-positive bacteria and one of the gram-negative bacteria.
مراجع
[1] Shibamoto K, Mochizuki M, Kusuhara M. Aroma therapy in antiaging medicine. Anti-Aging Med. 2010;7(6):55-9. doi: 10.2147/CIA.S447514
[2] van Vuuren SF, Suliman S, Viljoen AM. The antimicrobial activity of four commercial essential oils in combination with conventional antimicrobials. Lett Appl Microbiol. 2009;48(4):440-6.
doi: 10.1111/j.1472-765X.765X.2008.02548.x
[3] D'Amelio Sr. Botanicals: A phytocosmetic desk reference. Boca Raton: Pub; 1998. doi: org/ 10.1201/9780367802202
[4] Tavakoli M, Nemati S. A review of the antibacterial effect of widely used medicinal plants used in Iranian traditional medicine. In: Second International Conference on Medicinal Plants, Organic Agriculture, Natural Resources and pharmaceuticals; 1397; Mashhad. Civilica; 1397. p. 228.
[5] Ghavam M. Investigating how to evaluate medicinal plants in terms of the presence and amount active compounds. In: First National Conference of Medicinal and Aromatic and Spices Plants; 1395. Available from: https://sid.ir/paper/884595/fa.
[6] Zargari A. Medicinal plants, Vol 1. 7th ed. Tehran: Tehran University Pub; 1997.
[7] Shahat A, Pieters S, Apers N, Nazeif N, Abdel-Azim D, Berghe, A and Vlietinck A. Chemical and biological investigations on Zizyphus spina-christi L. Phytother. Res J. 2001;15: 593-597. doi: org/10.1002/ptr.883
[8] Kalwij JM. Review of the plant list, a working list of all plant species. Journal of Vegetation Science. 2012;23(50):998-1002. doi: org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2012.01407.x
[9] Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Anthony S. Zizyphus spina-Christi. 5 Agroforestry Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. 2009[updated 2015-02-12]. Available from: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/output/agroforestree-database.
[10] Dafni A, Levy S, Lev E. The ethnobotany of Christ's Thorn Jujube (Ziziphus spina-christi) in Israel. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed. 2005;1(8):307-308. doi:10.1186/1746-4269-1-8
[11] N Ads E, Hassan S, Rajendrasozhan S, Hetta M, Aly S, Ali M. Isolation, structure elucidation and antimicrobial evaluation of natural pentacyclic triterpenoids and phytochemical investigation of different fractions of Ziziphus spina Christi (L.) stem bark using LCHRMS analysis. Molecules. 2022;27(6):1805. doi: org/10.3390/molecules27061805
[12] Papari Moghadam Fard M, Ketabchi S, Farjam MH. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antioxidant potential of essential oil of Ziziphus spina-christi var. aucheri grown wild in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants and By-products (JMPB). 2020;9(special):69-73. doi: org/10.22092/jmpb.2020.121752
[13] Taghipour MT, Nameni R, Taghipour M, Ghorat F. Phytochemical analysis and antimicrobial activity of Ziziphus Spina-Christi and tamarix aphylla leaves' extracts as effective treatment for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Thrita J Neu. 2020;9(2). doi: org/10.5812/thrita.107776
[14] Rante H, Pabisa M, Taebe B. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of arabian lotus leaves (Ziziphus Spina-Christi L.) and bioautography TLC analysis of several pathogenic bacteria. Journal Bionature. 2023;24(2):231-236. doi: org/10.35580/bionature.v24i2.52766
[15] Nazif N. Phytoconstituents of Zizyphus spina-christi L. Fruits and their antimicrobial activity. Food Chemistry. 2002;76:77-81. doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(01)00243-6
[16] Haghanizadeh N. Study the effect of different extraction methods on compounds and antibacterial effects of Cedar (Zizyphus spina-christi L.) [dissertation]. [Tehran]: Tehran North Branch, Islamic Azad University; 1402. 86p.
[17] Ernst J, Sheldrick WS, Fuhrhop JH. Crystal structure of squalene. Angewandte Chemie. 1976;88(24):85. doi: 10.1002/anie.197607781
[18] Abe I. Enzymatic synthesis of cyclic triterpenes. Natural Product Reports. 2007;24(6):1311–1331. doi.org/10.1039/B616857B
[19] Micera M, Botto A, Geddo F, Antoniotti S, Bertea C, Levi R, et al. Squalene: More than a step toward sterols. Antioxidants. 2020;9(8):688. doi.org/10.3390/antiox9080688
[20] Haynes WM. CRC Handbook of chemistry and physics. 97th ed. Boca Raton: CRC Press; 2016. doi: org/10.1201/9781315380476
[21] Traber M. Vitamin E. Advances in Nutrition. 2021;12(3):1047-1048. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmab019
[22] Institute of Medicine. Dietary reference intakes for vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2000.
[23] Herrera RM, Perez M, Martín-Herrera DA, Lopez-Garcia R, Rabanal RM. Antimicrobial activity of extracts from plants endemics to the Canary Islands. Phytotheraphy Research. 1996;10:364-366. doi: org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1573
[24] Meng JC, Zhu QX, Tan RX. New antimicrobial mono- and sesquiterpenes from Soroseris hookeriana subsp, erysimoides. Planta Medica. 2000;66:541-544. doi: org/10.1055/s-2000-8607
[25] Srinivasan D, Nathan S, Suresh T, Perumalsamy O. Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine, Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2001;74:217-220. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00345-7
[26] Palombo EA, Semple SJ. Antibacterial activity of traditional Australian medicinal plants. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2001;77:151-157. doi: 10.1016/s0378-8741(01)00290-2