The principle of openness of the trial In Iranian law ,Islamic jurisprudence And English law

Subject Areas : Private law

Vahid KHandani ¹ (PhD Student, Department of Private Law, Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran)
MOHAMMAD BAGHER AMERINIA ² (Assistant Professor, Department of Jurisprudence and Islamic Law, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran)
GHavam Karimi ³ (Assistant Professor of Law, Yasouj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasouj, Iran)

Received: 2019-05-19 Accepted : 2021-01-06 Published : 2021-11-22

Keywords: openness, privacy, Fair trial, dissemination of proceedings,

Abstract :

The openness of the trial means that members of the public can freely attend court hearings, closely observe how things are going, and ensure that the law is strictly enforced and that there is real judicial justice. By applying this principle, the judge can not abuse his legal authority for fear of public scrutiny and arbitration, and as a result, this principle can greatly help increase the quality of justice and the issuance of fair judgments in the courts. However, some legal systems believe that the courts cannot suffice with general terms such as public order and ethics, but are obliged to make the reasons for such action clear to the public     The principle of openness of the trial has been considered by the holy shari'a and in the four sources the inference of the rulings (book, tradition, consensus, reason) has been explicitly stated and has also been approved by Islamic jurists; According to Article 165 of the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran, which is the most important legal document of the country, trials must be held in public, which has shown the importance of this issue in the eyes of the legislator; In English law, based on the principle of justice and natural law, the principle of openness of trial is emphasized; Of course, in Iran, due to the disturbance of the court order, sometimes this principle is not implemented, which can be easily solved by considering solutions such as punishment for those who disturb the order of the hearing, including the litigants and those present, and proper management of the hearing by the judge.   

References:

1- آخوندی، محمود، (1383)، آیین دادرسی کیفری، جلد 1، تهران: انتشارات مجد.

2-آشوری، محمد و دیگران، (1383)، حقوق بشر و مفاهیم مساوات، انصاف و عدالت، تهران: انتشارات دانشکده حقوق و علوم سیاسی دانشگاه تهران.

3-الماسی، نجادعلی، (1385)، حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، تهران:انتشارات میزان.

4-امیدی، جلیل و سمیه نیکویی، (1387)، تعریف و مبانی علنی بودن دادرسی کیفری، مجله مدرس علوم انسانی، شماره 58، پاییز، صص23-37.

5-جعفری لنگرودی، محمدجعفر، (1394)، دایره المعارف علوم اسلامی و قضایی، جلد 2، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.

6-.....................................، (بی تا)، تاریخ حقوق ایران (از انقراض ساسانیان تا آغاز مشروطه)، تهران، انتشارات کانون معرفت.

7-حلی، حسن بن یوسف، (1413)، ارشاد الاذهان الی احکام الایمان ، جلد10، قم: انتشارات جامعه المدرسین.

8-رزاقی، کیانوش، (1389)، استانداردهای دادرسی در اسناد بین‌المللی و نظام قضایی ایران، نشریه کانون، شماره 105، خرداد، صص85-117.

9-سیوطی، جلال الدین، (1406) تاریخ الخلفاء، جلد اول، بیروت: انتشارات دارصادر.

10-شمس، عبدالله، (1386)، آیین دادرسی مدنی، جلد دوم، تهران: انتشارات دراک.

11-شمس الائمه سرخسی، محمد بن احمد، (1406)، المبسوط، بیروت: انتشارات دار المعرفه.

12-طوسی، محمد بن حسن، (1351)، المبسوط فی فقه الامامیه ، جلد۷ و ۸ ، تهران: انتشارات المکتبه الداوری.

13-فضائلی، مصطفی، (1393)، دادرسی عادلانه محاکمات کیفری بین المللی، تهران: انتشارات شهر دانش.

14-قاسمی، ظاهر، بحار الانوار، (1411) جلد 2، بیروت: موسسه الوفا الطبعه الثانیه.

15-قرشی، علی‌اکبر، (1372)، قاموس قرآن، جلد 5، تهران: انتشارات دارالکتب الاسلامیه.

16-کاتوزیان، ناصر، (1385)، قواعد عمومی قراردادها، جلد اول،تهران: انتشارات شرکت سهامی انتشار.

17-کلینی، ابوجعفر محمد بن یعقوب، (1388)، الاصول من الکافی، تعلیقات، علی اکبر غفاری، قم: انتشارات دارالکتب الاسلامیه.

18-نیکویی، سمیه، (1385)، الزامات علنی بودن دادرسی کیفری در پرتو دادرسی عادلانه، مجله حقوقی دادگستری، شماره 56 و 57، پاییز و زمستان، صص219-240.    

19-محقق داماد، مصطفی، (1381)، قواعد فقه، بخش قضایی، جلد 3، تهران: انتشارات مرکز نشر علوم اسلامی

20-محقق حلی، جعفر بن حسن، (1409)، شرایع السلام فی مسائل لاحلال والحرام ، تحقیق سید صادق شیرازی، تهران: انتشارات استقلال.

21-مصباح یزدی، محمدتقی،(1379)، آموزش عقاید، تهران: شرکت چاپ و نشر بین الملل.

22-مقدس اردبیلی، احمد،(1403)، مجمع الفائده و البرهان فی شرح إرشاد الاذهان، تحقیق مجتبی عراقی، علی پناه اشتهاردی و حسین یزدی اصفهانی، جلد19، قم، مؤسسه النشر الاسلامی.

23- .................. ، احمد،(بی تا)، زیده البیان فی الحکام القران، تهران: مکتب المرتضویه.

24-الموسوی، محسن باقر، (1999) القضا و النظام القضایی عند الامام علی(ع) بیروت: الغدیر.

25-یزدی، حسین، (1404) الطبعه الاولی، جلد 12، قم: انتشارات جامعه المدرسین. 

26-Dodd, M., Hanna, M., (2018). McNae's Essential Law for Journalists, Oxford University Press   

27-Koprivica H., (2018). Right to a Fair Trial in Civil Law Cases, available at: https://www.rese- archgate.net/publication

28-Partington, Martin, (2015), Introduction to the English Legal System 2015-2016, Oxford University Press.

29-Osborne, C., (2007). Civil Litigation 2007-2008, Oxford University Press.

30-sland, J., Gill, J.(2014). "The Principle of Open Justice and the Judicial Duty to Give Public Reasons" (2014) MelbULawRw 20; (2014) 38(2) Melbourne University Law Review.

31-Ward, R, Akhtar, A, (2011), Walker & Walker's English Legal System, OUP Oxford.

32-Wragg, P,( 2017), Open Justice and Privacy, http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk.

1- Akhoondi, Mahmoud, (2004), Criminal Procedure, Volume 1, Tehran: Majd Publications.

2- Ashouri, Mohammad et al., (2004), Human Rights and the Concepts of Equality, Fairness and Justice, Tehran: Publications of the Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran.

3- Almasi, Najad Ali, (2006), Private International Law, Tehran: Mizan Publications.

4- Omidi, Jalil and Somayeh Nikouei, (2008), Definition and Principles of Public Criminal Procedure, Modares Journal of Humanities, No. 58, Fall, pp. 23-37.

5- Jafari Langroudi, Mohammad Jafar, (2015), Encyclopedia of Islamic and Judicial Sciences, Volume 2, Tehran: Ganj-e-Danesh Publications.

6 -....................................., (undated), History of Iranian Law (from The extinction of the Sassanids until the beginning of the Constitution), Tehran, Kanoon Marefat Publications. 7- 7-Helli, Hassan bin Yusuf, (1992), guiding the minds to the provisions of faith, Volume 10, Qom: Publications of the Society of Teachers.

8- Razaghi, Kianoosh, (2010), Judicial Standards in International Documents and the Judicial System of Iran, Kanoon Magazine, No. 105, June, pp. 85-117.

9-Siouti, Jalaluddin, (1985) History of the Caliphs, Volume I, Beirut: Dar Sadr Publications.

10-Shams, Abdullah, (2007), Civil Procedure, Volume II, Tehran: Drak Publications.

11- Shams al-Imam Sarakhsi, Muhammad ibn Ahmad, (1985), Al-Mabsut, Beirut: Dar Al-Marafa Publications.

12- Tusi, Mohammad Ibn Hassan, (1936), Al-Mabsut Fi Fiqh Al-Imamiya, Volumes 7 and 8, Tehran: Al-Muktabah Al-Dawari Publications.

13- Fazaeli, Mostafa, (2014), Fair Trial of International Criminal Trials, Tehran: Shahr-e-Danesh Publications.

14-Ghasemi, Zahir, Bihar Al-Anwar, (1990) Volume 2, Beirut: Al-Wafa Al-Tabiya Second Institute.

15-Ghorashi, Ali Akbar, (1992), Quran Dictionary, Volume 5, Tehran: Islamic Library Publications.

16-Katozian, Nasser, (2006), General Rules of Contracts, Volume I, Tehran: Anteshar Co. Publications.

17- Klini, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ya'qub, (2009), Al-Osul Min Al-Kafi, Comments, Ali Akbar Ghaffari, Qom: Dar al-Kitab al-Islamiyya Publications.

18-Nikoei, Somayeh, (2006), Requirements for the openness of criminal proceedings in the light of a fair trial, Legal Journal of Justice, Nos. 56 and 57, Fall and Winter, pp. 219-240.

19-Mohaghegh Damad, Mostafa, (2002), Rules of Jurisprudence, Judicial Section, Volume 3, Tehran: Islamic Sciences Publishing Center Publications

20- Mohaqeq Hali, Ja'far Ibn Hassan, (1988), Sharia al-Salam fi al-Lahlal wa al-Haram, research by Seyyed Sadegh Shirazi, Tehran: Esteghlal Publications.

21-Mesbah Yazdi, Mohammad Taghi, (2000), Education of Ideas, Tehran: International Publishing Company.

22- Moqaddas Ardabili, Ahmad, (1982), Majma 'al-Fa'ida wa al-Burhan fi Sharh Irshad al-Azhan, research by Mujtaba Iraqi, Ali Panah Eshtehardi and Hossein Yazdi Isfahani, Volume 19, Qom, Islamic Publishing Institute.

23- .................., Ahmad, (unpublished), Zaida Al-Bayan Fi Al-Hakam Al-Quran, Tehran: Mortazaviyeh School.

24- Al-Musawi, Mohsen Baqir, (1999) Judiciary and Judicial System under Imam Ali (AS) Beirut: Al-Ghadir.

25-Yazdi, Hussein, (1983) First Edition, Volume 12, Qom: Publications of the Teachers Association.

26-Dodd, M., Hanna, M., (2018). McNae's Essential Law for Journalists, Oxford University Press   

27-Koprivica H., (2018). Right to a Fair Trial in Civil Law Cases, available at: https://www.rese- archgate.net/publication

28-Partington, Martin, 2015, Introduction to the English Legal System 2015-2016, Oxford University Press.

29-Osborne, C., (2007). Civil Litigation 2007-2008, Oxford University Press.

30-sland, J., Gill, J.(2014). "The Principle of Open Justice and the Judicial Duty to Give Public Reasons" [2014] MelbULawRw 20; (2014) 38(2) Melbourne University Law Review.

31-Ward, R, Akhtar, A, (2011), Walker & Walker's English Legal System, OUP Oxford.

32-Wragg, P,( 2017), Open Justice and Privacy, http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk.