Role of triazolic compounds in underlying mechanisms of plant stress tolerance; a review

Subject Areas : Stress Physiology

Fatemeh Shaki ¹ , Maryam Rezayian ² , Hasan Ebrahimzadeh Maboud ³ , Vahid Niknam ⁴

1 - Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
3 - Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
4 - Department of Plant Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2020-08-01 Accepted : 2022-02-05 Published : 2022-01-01

Keywords: Stress, Tolerance, plants, Signaling, Triazols,

Abstract :

Acclimation of plants to stress conditions depends upon activation of cascade of signaling networks involved in stress perception. Regulation of antioxidative system to maintain a balance between the overproduction of reactive oxygen species and their scavenging to keep them at signaling level has been previously documented. Recently, role of triazolic compounds like penconazole, paclobutrazole, triadimefon, and hexaconazole in the regulation of metabolic network under stress conditions has emerged through crosstalk between chemical signaling pathways. Thus, stress signaling and metabolic balance is an important area with respect to increase crop yield in adverse environmental conditions. This review outlines the recent advances on improvement in stress resistance by various triazolic compounds, aiming to identify new mechanisms of stress tolerance, and therefore, to contribute sustainable crop yield under stress to bring some potential practical utilization in the future. Researches have revealed that triazolic compounds, to some extent, help plants to cope with adverse environmental conditions. Therefore, these compounds could be used for improvement of plant growth and productivity in such severe conditions.

References:

Ahmad, H. F. S., H. M. Hassan and A. S. El-Shafey. 2013. Effect of cadmium on growth, flowering and fruiting of Zea mays L. and possible roles of triacontanol in alleviating cadmium toxicity. Egypt J Bot, 53: 23-44.

Akbari, G. A., M. Hojati, S. A. Modarres-Sanavy and F. Ghanati 2011. Exogenously applied hexaconazole ameliorates salinity stress by inducing an antioxidant defense system in Brassica napus L. plants. Pestic Biochem Physiol, 100(3): 244-250.

Alharbi, B. M., A. M. Abdulmajeed and H. Hassan. 2021. Biochemical and Molecular Effects Induced by Triacontanol in Acquired Tolerance of Rice to Drought Stress. Genes, 12(8): 1119.

Allakhverdiev, S. I., A. Sakamoto, Y. Nishiyama, M. Inaba and N. Murata. 2000. Ionic and osmotic effects of NaCl-induced inactivation of photosystems I and II in Synechococcus sp. Plant Physiol, 123(3): 1047-1056.

Aly, A. A. and H. H. Latif. 2011. Differential effects of paclobutrazol on water stress alleviation through electrolyte leakage, phytohormones, reduced glutathione and lipid peroxidation in some wheat genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in-vitro. Rom Biotech Lett, 6: 6710-6721.

Ashraf, M. F. and M. R. Foolad. 2007. Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environ Exper Bot, 59(2): 206-216.

Babaei, S., V. Niknam and M. Behmanesh. 2021. Comparative effects of nitric oxide and salicylic acid on salinity tolerance in saffron (Crocus sativus). Plant Biosyst, 155(1): 73-82.

Bano, S., M. Ashraf and N. A. Akram. 2014. Salt stress regulates enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidative defense system in the edible part of carrot (Daucus carota L.). J Plant Interact, 9(1): 324-329.

Berova, M., Z. Zlatev and N. Stoeva. 2002. Effect of paclobutrazol on wheat seedlings under low temperature stress. Bulg J Plant Physiol, 28(1-2): 75-84.

Bhattacharjee, S. 2008. Triadimefon pretreatment protects newly assembled membrane system and causes up-regulation of stress proteins in salinity stressed Amaranthus lividus L. during early germination. J Environ Biol, 29(5): 805-810.

Borowski, E., Z. K. Blamowski and W. Michałek. 2000. Effects of Tomatex/Triacontanol/on chlorophyll fluorescence and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) yields. Acta Physiol Plant, 22: 271-274.

Chandra, S. and A. Roychoudhury. 2020. Penconazole, Paclobutrazol, and Triacontanol in Overcoming Environmental Stress in Plants. Protective Chemical Agents in the Amelioration of Plant Abiotic Stress. Biochem Mol Perspect, 22: 510-534.

Chaves, M., J. Flexas and C. Pinheiro. 2009.Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell. Ann Bot, 103(4): 551-560.

Chen, X., H. Yuan, R. Chen, L. Zhu, B. Du, Q. Weng and G. He. 2002. Isolation and characterization of triacontanol-regulated genes in rice (Oryza sativa L.): possible role of triacontanol as a plant growth stimulator. Plant Cell Physiol, 43(8): 869-76.

Chutipaijit, S., S. Cha-Um and K. Sompornpailin. 2009. Differential accumulations of proline and flavonoids in indica rice varieties against salinity. Pak J Bot, 41(5): 2497-2506.

Chutipaijit, S., S. Cha-um and K. Sompornpailin. 2011.High contents of proline and anthocyanin increase protective response to salinity in 'Oryza sativa' L. spp', 'indicia. AJCP, 5(10): 1191.

Demiral, T. and I. Türkan. 2005. Comparative lipid peroxidation, antioxidant defense systems and proline content in roots of two rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance. Environ Exper Bot, 53(3): 247-257.

Doganlar, Z. B., K. Demir, H. Basak and I. Gul. 2010. Effects of salt stress on pigment and total soluble protein contents of three different tomato cultivars. Afr J Agricul Res, 5(15): 2056-2065.

Feng, Z., A. Guo and Z. Feng. 2003. Amelioration of chilling stress by triadimefon in cucumber seedlings. Plant Growth Regul, 39(3): 277-83.

Fletcher, R. A., A. Gilley, N. Sankhla and T. D. Davis, 2000. Triazoles as plant growth regulators and stress protectants. Horticul Rev, 24: 55-138.

Forghani, A. H., A. Almodares and A. A. Ehsanpour. 2020. The role of gibberellic acid and paclobutrazol on oxidative stress responses induced by in vitro salt stress in sweet sorghum. Russ J Plant Physiol, 67: 555-563.

Gao, S., C. Ouyang, S. Wang, Y. Xu, L. Tang and F. Chen. 2008. Effects of salt stress on growth, antioxidant enzyme and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activities in Jatropha curcas L. seedlings. Plant Soil Environ, 54(9): 374-381.

Gaspar, T., T. Franck, B. Bisbis, C. Kevers, L. Jouve, J. F. Hausman and J. Dommes. 2002. Concepts in plant stress physiology. Application to plant tissue cultures. Plant Growth Regul, 37(3): 263-285.

Gengmao, Z., H. Yu, S. Xing, L. Shihui, S. Quanmei and W. Changhai. 2015. Salinity stress increases secondary metabolites and enzyme activity in safflower. Ind Crops prod, 64: 175-181.

Gomathinayagam, M., C. Jaleel, M. Azooz and R. Panneerselvam. 2009. Superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase profile changes with triazole applications in Manihot esculenta Crantz. Global J Mol Sci, 4(1): 23-28.

Gopi, R. and C. Jaleel. 2009. Photosynthetic alterations in Amorphophallus campanulatus with triazoles drenching. Global J Mol Sci, 4: 15-18.

Grossmann, K. 1990. Plant growth retardants as tools in physiological research. Physiol Plant, 78(4): 640-648.

Hajihashemi, S., K. Kiarostami, A. Saboora and S. Enteshari. 2007. Exogenously applied paclobutrazol modulates growth in salt-stressed wheat plants. Plant Growth Regul, 53(2): 117-128.

Hajihashemi, S. and A. Ehsanpour. 2013. Influence of exogenously applied paclobutrazol on some physiological traits and growth of Stevia rebaudiana under in vitro drought stress. Biol, 68(3): 414-420.

Hassanpour, H., R. A. Khavari-Nejad, V. Niknam, F. Najafi and K. Razavi. 2012. Effects of penconazole and water deficit stress on physiological and antioxidative responses in pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.). Acta physiol Plant, 34(4): 1537-1549.

Hassanpour, H., R. A. Khavari-Nejad, V. Niknam, F. Najafi and K. Razavi. 2013. 'Penconazole induced changes in photosynthesis, ion acquisition and protein profile of Mentha pulegium L. under drought stress. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 19(4): 489-498.

Hediye Sekmen, A., I. Türkan and S. Takio. 2007. Differential responses of antioxidative enzymes and lipid peroxidation to salt stress in salt‐tolerant Plantago maritima and salt‐sensitive Plantago media. Physiol Plant, 131(3): 399-411.

Heydari, H., F. Shaki, V. Niknam and H. Ebrahimzadeh Maboud. 2019. Different Effects of Penconazole on Enzymatic and Non-enzymatic Antioxidants of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) Under Salinity. Mod Concep Dev Agrono, 4(5): 467-473.   

Hojati, M., S. A. M. Modarres-Sanavy, F. Ghanati and M. Panahi. 2011. Hexaconazole induces antioxidant protection and apigenin-7-glucoside accumulation in Matricaria chamomilla plants subjected to drought stress. J Plant Physiol, 168(8): 782-791.

Hosseini, M. S., D. Samsampour, M. Ebrahimi, J. Abadía and M. Khanahmadi. 2018. Effect of drought stress on growth parameters, osmolyte contents, antioxidant enzymes and glycyrrhizin synthesis in licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) grown in the field. Phytochem, 156: 124-134.

Hu, L., Z. Wang, H. Du and B. Huang. 2010. Differential accumulation of dehydrins in response to water stress for hybrid and common bermudagrass genotypes differing in drought tolerance. J Plant Physiol, 167(2): 103-109.

Iqbal, S., N. Parveen, S. Bahadur, T. Ahmad, M. Shuaib, M. M. Nizamani, Z. Urooj and S. Rubab. 2020. Paclobutrazol mediated changes in growth and physio-biochemical traits of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) grown under drought stress. Gene Rep, 1;21:100908.

Jaleel, C. A., R. Gopi, G. A. Lakshmanan and R. Panneerselvam. 2006. Triadimefon induced changes in the antioxidant metabolism and ajmalicine production in Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. Plant Sci, 171(2): 271-276.

Jaleel, C. A., R. Gopi, P. Manivannan, M. Gomathinayagam, P. Murali and R. Panneerselvam. 2008. Soil applied propiconazole alleviates the impact of salinity on Catharanthus roseus by improving antioxidant status. Pesticide Biochem Physiol, 90(2): 135-139.

Jaleel, C. A., R. Gopi, P. Manivannan and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Responses of antioxidant defense system of Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. to paclobutrazol treatment under salinity. Acta Physiol Plant, 29(3): 205-209.

Jaleel, C. A., R. Gopi and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Alterations in lipid peroxidation, electrolyte leakage, and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus under treatment with triadimefon, a systemic fungicide. C R Biol, 330(12): 905-912.

Jaleel, C. A., G. Ragupathi and R. Panneerselvam. 2008. Biochemical alterations in white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir.) under triazole fungicides: impacts on tuber quality. Czech J Food Sci, 26(4): 297-307.

Jaleel, C. A., R. Gopi, A. Kishorekumar, P. Manivannan, B. Sankar and R. Panneerselvam. 2008. Interactive effects of triadimefon and salt stress on antioxidative status and ajmalicine accumulation in Catharanthus roseus. Acta Physiol Plant, 30(3): 287-292.

Javid, M. G., A. Sorooshzadeh, F. Moradi, S. A. Modarres Sanavy and I. Allahdadi. 2011. The role of phytohormones in alleviating salt stress in crop plants. AJCS, 5(6): 726-34.

Kalaji, H. M., K. Bosa, J. Kościelniak and K. Żuk-Gołaszewska. 2011. Effects of salt stress on photosystem II efficiency and CO₂ assimilation of two Syrian barley landraces. Environ Exper Bot, 73: 64-72.

Kamran, M., S. Ahmad, I. Ahmad, I. Hussain, X. Meng, X. Zhang, T. Javed, M. Ullah, R. Ding, P. Xu and W. Gu. 2020. Paclobutrazol application favors yield improvement of maize under semiarid regions by delaying leaf senescence and regulating photosynthetic capacity and antioxidant system during grain-filling Stage. Agron, 10(2): 187.

Karimi, S., A. Arzani and G. Saeidi. 2014. Differential response of ion and osmolyte accumulation to salinity stress in salt-tolerant and salt-sensitive seedlings of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Res on Crops, 15(4): 802.

Khalil, I. A. 1995. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in cereals as affected by growth retardants of the triazole series. Cereal Res Commun, 183-189.

Khan, M. M., G. Bhardwaj, M. Naeem, F. Mohammad, M. Singh, S. Nasir and M. Idrees. 2008. Response of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to application of potassium and triacontanol. XI Int. Symp Process Tomato 823: 199-208.

Kishorekumar, A., C. A. Jaleel, P. Manivannan, B. Sankar, R. Sridharan and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Comparative effects of different triazole compounds on growth, photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate metabolism of Solenostemon rotundifolius. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 60(2): 207-212.

Krishnan, R. R. and B. D. R. Kumari 2008. Effect of N-triacontanol on the growth of salt stressed soybean plants. J Biosci, 19(2): 53-62.

Kondhare, K. R., P. Hedden, P. S. Kettlewell, A. D. Farrell and J. M. Monaghan. 2014. Use of the hormone-biosynthesis inhibitors fluridone and paclobutrazol to determine the effects of altered abscisic acid and gibberellin levels on pre-maturity α-amylase formation in wheat grains. J Cereal Sci, 60(1): 210-216.

Kumar, S. 2020. Abiotic stresses and their effects on plant growth, yield and nutritional quality of agricultural produce. Int J Food Sci Agric, 4(4): 367-378.

Liu, L., H. Sun, J. Chen, Y. Zhang, D. Li and C. Li. 2014. Effects of cadmium (Cd) on seedling growth traits and photosynthesis parameters in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plant Omics, 7(4): 284-290.

López-Climent, M. F., V. Arbona, R. M. Pérez-Clemente and A. Gómez-Cadenas. 2008. Relationship between salt tolerance and photosynthetic machinery performance in citrus. Environ Exper Bot, 62(2): 176-184.

Manivannan, P., C. A. Jaleel, A. Kishorekumar, B. Sankar, R. Somasundaram, R. Sridharan and R. Panneerselvam. 2007. Changes in antioxidant metabolism of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. by propiconazole under water deficit stress. Colloids Surf B: Biointerfaces, 57(1): 69-74.

McCord, J. M. 2000. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. The Amer J Med, 108(8): 652-659.

Merati, M. J., H. Hassanpour, V. Niknam and M. Mirmasoumi. 2014. Exogenous application of penconazole regulates plant growth and antioxidative responses in salt-stressed Mentha pulegium L. Journal of Plant Interactions, 9(1): 791-801.

Mohammadi, M. H., N. Etemadi, M. M. Arab, M. Aalifar, M. Arab and M. Pessarakli. 2017. Molecular and physiological responses of Iranian Perennial ryegrass as affected by Trinexapac ethyl, Paclobutrazol and Abscisic acid under drought stress. Plant Physiol Biochem, 111: 129-143.

Mohsin, S. M., M. Hasanuzzaman, M. H. Bhuyan, K. Parvin and M. Fujita. 2019. Exogenous tebuconazole and trifloxystrobin regulates reactive oxygen species metabolism toward mitigating salt-induced damages in cucumber seedling. Plants, 8(10): 428.

Muthuchelian, K., M. Velayutham and N. Nedunchezhian. 2003. Ameliorating effect of triacontanol on acidic mist-treated Erythrina variegata seedlings: Changes in growth and photosynthetic activities. Plant Sci, 165: 1253-1259.

Naeem, M., M. M. A. Khan, I. M. Moinuddin and T. Aftab. 2011. Triacontanol-mediated regulation of growth and other physiological attributes, active constituents and yield of Mentha arvensis L. Plant Growth Regul, 65: 195-206.

Palma, F., C. Lluch, C. Iribarne, J. M. García-Garrido and N. A. T. García. 2009. Combined effect of salicylic acid and salinity on some antioxidant activities, oxidative stress and metabolite accumulation in Phaseolus vulgaris. Plant Growth Regul, 58(3): 307-316.

Parida, A. K. and A. B. Das. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf, 60(3): 324-349.

Patade, V. Y., S. Bhargava and P. Suprasanna. 2011. Salt and drought tolerance of sugarcane under iso-osmotic salt and water stress: growth, osmolytes accumulation, and antioxidant defense. J Plant Interact, 6(4): 275-282.

Pompelli, M. F., R. Barata-Luís, H. S. Vitorino, E. R. Gonçalves, E. V. Rolim, M. G. Santos, J. S. Almeida-Cortez, V. M. Ferreira, E. E. Lemos and L. Endres. 2010. Photosynthesis, photoprotection and antioxidant activity of purging nut under drought deficit and recovery. Biomass Bioenergy, 34(8): 1207-1215.

Rady, M. and M. S. Gaballah. 2012. Improving barley yield grown under water stress conditions. Res J Recent Sci, 1: 1-6.

Rahdari, P., S. M. Hosseini and S. Tavakoli. 2012. The studying effect of drought stress on germination, proline, sugar, lipid, protein and chlorophyll content in purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) leaves. J Med Plants Res, 6: 1539-1547.

Rajasekar, M., G. A. Rabert and P. Manivannan. 2016. The effect of triazole induced photosynthetic pigments and biochemical constituents of Zea mays L. (Maize) under drought stress. Appl Nanosci, 6(5): 727-735.

Ramel, F., S. Birtic, C. Ginies, L. Soubigou-Taconnat, C. Triantaphylidès and M. Havaux 2012. Carotenoid oxidation products are stress signals that mediate gene responses to singlet oxygen in plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 109(14): 5535-5540.

Ramos-Zambrano, E., T. E. Juárez-Yáñez, D. Tapia-Maruri, B. H. Camacho-Díaz, A. R. Jiménez-Aparicio and A. L. Martínez-Ayala. 2020. Effects of triacontanol and light on stomatal and photochemical responses in Solanum lycopersicum L. J Plant Growth Regul, 40(3): 1-13.

Rasheed, R., A. Wahid, M. Ashraf and S. M. Basra. 2010. Role of proline and glycinebetaine in improving chilling stress tolerance in sugarcane buds at sprouting. Int J Agric Biol, 12: 1-8.

Rezayian, M., V. Niknam and H. Ebrahimzadeh. 2018. Differential responses of phenolic compounds of Brassica napus under drought stress. Iran J Plant Physiol, 8(3): 2417-2425.

Rezayian, M., V. Niknam and H. Ebrahimzadeh. 2018. Penconazole and calcium improves drought stress tolerance and oil quality in canola. Soil Sci Plant Nutr, 64(5): 606-615.

Rezayian, M., V. Niknam and H. Ebrahimzadeh. 2018. Positive effects of Penconazole on growth of Brassica napus under drought stress. Arch Agron Soil Sci, 64(13): 1791-1806.

Rezayian, M., V. Niknam and H. Ebrahimzadeh. 2019. Different effects of calcium and penconazole on primary and secondary metabolites of Brassica napus under drought. Physiol Mol Biol Plants, 25(2): 497-509.

Rodríguez, V. M., P. Soengas, V. Alonso-Villaverde, T. Sotelo, M. E. Cartea and P. Velasco. 2015. Effect of temperature stress on the early vegetative development of Brassica oleracea L. BMC plant biology, 15(1): 1-9.

Sadiqov, S., M. Akbulut and V. Ehmedov. 2002. Role of Ca²⁺ in drought stress signaling in wheat seedlings. Biochem (Moscow), 67(4): 491-497.

Saha, P., P. Chatterjee and A. K. Biswas. 2010. NaCl pretreatment alleviates salt stress by enhancement of antioxidant defense system and osmolyte accumulation in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Indian J Exp Biol, 48(6): 593-600.

Salah, I., H. Mahmoudi, M. Gruber, T. Slatni, M. Boulaaba, M. Gandour, D. Messedi, K. Hamed, R. Ksouri and A. Hannoufa. 2011. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity in two contrasting Medicago ciliaris lines cultivated under salt stress. Biol, 66(5): 813-820.

Shahbaz, M., N. Noreen and S. Perveen. 2013. Triacontanol modulates photosynthesis and osmoprotectants in canola (Brassica napus L.) under saline stress. J Plant Interact, 8(4): 350-359.

Shaheen, S., S. Naseer, M. Ashraf and N. A. Akram. 2013. Salt stress affects water relations, photosynthesis, and oxidative defense mechanisms in Solanum melongena L. J Plant Interact, 8(1): 85-96.

Shaki, F., H. Ebrahimzadeh Maboud and V. Niknam. 2018. Penconazole alleviates salt-induced damage in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plants. J Plant Interact, 13(1): 420-427

Shaki, F., H. E. Maboud and V. Niknam. 2019. Improving Salt Tolerance in Safflower Plants through Exogenous Application of Penconazole. Agron J, 111(1): 397-407.

Sofy, M. R., K. M. Elhindi, S. Farouk and M. A. Alotaibi. 2020. Zinc and paclobutrazol mediated regulation of growth, upregulating antioxidant aptitude and plant productivity of pea plants under salinity. Plants, 9(9): 1197.

Soumya, P. R. 2014. Role of paclobutrazol in amelioration of water deficit stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). M.Sc. thesis, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.

Srivastav, M., A. Kishor, A. Dahuja and R. R. Sharma. 2010. Effect of paclobutrazol and salinity on ion leakage, proline content and activities of antioxidant enzymes in mango (Mangifera indica L.). Sci Hortic, 125(4): 785-8.

Türkan, I., M. Bor, F. Özdemir and H. Koca. 2005. Differential responses of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants in the leaves of drought-tolerant P. acutifolius Gray and drought-sensitive P. vulgaris L. subjected to polyethylene glycol mediated water stress. Plant Sci, 168(1): 223-231.

Tuna, A. L. 2014. Influence of foliarly applied different triazole compounds on growth, nutrition, and antioxidant enzyme activities in tomato ('Solanum lycopersicum'L.) under salt stress. AJCP, 8(1): 71-79.

Van Breusegem, F., E. Vranová, J. F. Dat and D. Inzé. 2001. The role of active oxygen species in plant signal transduction. Plant Sci, 161(3): 405-414.

Zhang, M., Z. Qin and X. Liu. 2005. Remote sensed spectral imagery to detect late blight in field tomatoes. Precis Agric, 6(6): 489-508.

Zhifang, G. and W. Loescher. 2003. Expression of a celery mannose 6‐phosphate reductase in Arabidopsis thaliana enhances salt tolerance and induces biosynthesis of both mannitol and a glucosyl‐mannitol dimer. Plant, Cell & Environ, 26(2): 275-283.

Yan, X. H. and R. Z., Pan. 1992. Effects of triadimefon on the growth, photo- synthesis and respiration of groundnut seedlings. Oil Seed Crops (China), 4: 57-60.