India, the Persian Gulf and the emergence of a superset
Subject Areas :
1 - استاد گروه جامعه شناسی اقتصادی، دانشگاه تهران
Keywords: Regional Security Complex , Security superset , Persian Gulf , India,
Abstract :
In recent years, India has tried to introduce itself as a world power and therefore has made various efforts to accept its position under this title to other actors. From the perspective of the theory of regional security complex, whenever a regional power projects its power to another security complex, it is actually trying to act as a great power. India, as a country that is part of the security complex of South Asia, has tried to project its power to the security complex of the Persian Gulf and therefore applies its own strategy in communicating with the countries of this region. According to the theory of regional security complex, In this situation and by merging two security sets, a super set is created. The main question of this research was, what effect will India's presence in the Persian Gulf have on the regional security complex of the Persian Gulf? Based on this question, the research hypothesis states that India's presence in the Persian Gulf leads to the creation of a super-complex due to the integration of the two security complexes of the Persian Gulf and South Asia. This research, using the content analysis method, examined the documents and statements contained in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of India and analyzed them based on the theory of the regional security complex. The findings of the research showed that India's presence in the security complex of the Persian Gulf is a result of the change in the paradigm of India's foreign policy during the Modi era and has led to the creation of a super-complex.
References:
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Mohan, C. R. (2020). India must seize the new strategic possibilities with the Gulf. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-gulf-nations-relations-trade-crude-oil-jaishankar-visit-7062948/
Pardesi, M. S. (2015). Is India a Great Power? Understanding Great Power Status in Contemporary International Relations. Asian Security, 11(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2015.1005737
Pradhan, D. (2020). View: How India-Gulf ties are undergoing a fundamental reset . The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/view-how-india-gulf-ties-are-undergoing-a-fundamental-reset/articleshow/79602451.cms
Pröbsting, M. (2020). Is India a New Emerging Great Power? Critique, 48(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2019.1706783
Saran, S. (2018). How India sees the world : Kautilya to the 21st century. Juggernaut .
Singh, K., & Roy, S. (2021). OVL loses operating rights for Iran’s Farzad-B gas field. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ovl-loses-operating-rights-for-irans-farzad-b-gas-field-7320606/
Siyech, M. S., & Singh, K. R. (2018). India’s Iran Quandary | Middle East Institute. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/indias-iran-quandary
The Economic Times. (2021). TCS completes acquisition of GE’s stake in TCS Saudi Arabia. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-completes-acquisition-of-ges-stake-in-tcs-saudi-arabia/articleshow/83009603.cms?from=mdr
Ahmad, T. (2015). The Gulf region’. In The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy. Oxford University Press.
BABU, A. (1998). Indian Intervention In Sri Lanka: ANATOMY OF A FAILURE. World Affairs: The Journal of International Issues, 2(3), 132–145. https://www.jstor.org/stable/45064546
Bajoria, J., & Pan, E. (2010). The U.S.-India Nuclear Deal | . Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/us-india-nuclear-deal
Burton, G. (2019). India’s “Look West” Policy in the Middle East under Modi. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/indias-look-west-policy-middle-east-under-modi
Buzan, B. (2002). South Asia moving towards transformation: Emergence of India as a great power. International Studies, 39(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088170203900101/ASSET/002088170203900101.FP.PNG_V03
Buzan, B. (2011). The South Asian Security Complex in a Decentring World Order: Reconsidering Regions and Powers Ten Years On. International Studies, 48(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1177/002088171204800101
Buzan, B., & Wæver, O. (2003). Regions and Powers: The Structure of International Society. In International Studies Review (Vol. 7). The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge.
Chaudhuri, P. P. (2017a). Think West to Go West: Origins and Implications of India’s West Asia Policy Under Modi (Part I). Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/think-west-go-west-origins-and-implications-indias-west-asia-policy-under-modi-part-i
Chaudhuri, P. P. (2017b). Think West to Go West: Origins and Implications of India’s West Asia Policy Under Modi (Part II). Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/think-west-go-west-origins-and-implications-indias-west-asia-policy-under-modi-part-ii
Davenport, K. (2021). Timeline of Nuclear Diplomacy With Iran. Arms Control Association. https://www.armscontrol.org/factsheets/Timeline-of-Nuclear-Diplomacy-With-Iran
Ganguly, S., & Blarel, N. (2020). The UAE and Other Gulf States Are Upset With India Because of Islamophobia. Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/05/05/gulf-states-backtracking-india/
Gopal, N. (2022). Dangerous flames: Narendra Modi’s West Asia outreach is in peril . Telegraph India. https://www.telegraphindia.com/opinion/dangerous-flames-narendra-modis-west-asia-outreach-is-in-peril/cid/1870031
Hafeez, M. (2019). India-Iran Relations Challenges and Opportunities. Strategic Studies, 39(3), 22–36. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48544308
Halperin, S., & Heath, O. (2012). Political research : methods and practical skills. Oxford University Press. https://global.oup.com/academic/product/political-research-9780198820628
Hussain Wani, S., Mir, M. A., & Ahmad Shah, I. (2019). India–Iran Trade Relations Under the Shadow of USA Sanctions. Foreign Trade Review, 54(4), 399–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0015732519874222
Hussain, Z. (2017). India-Saudi Arabia Relations: New Bilateral Dynamics . Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/india-saudi-arabia-relations-new-bilateral-dynamics
Johny, S. (2017). India’s Balancing Act in the Gulf. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/indias-balancing-act-gulf
Kapur, Saloni. (2021). Pakistan after Trump : Great Power Responsibility in a Multi-Polar World. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Kennedy, A. (2010). Nehru’s Foreign Policy (D. M. Malone, C. R. Mohan, & S. Raghavan, Eds.; Vol. 1). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198743538.013.7
MEED. (2021). Iran awards $1.8bn Farzad B gas field contract. https://www.offshore-technology.com/comment/iran-farzad-b-contract/
Ministery of External Affairs. (2003). EAM’s speech at the 7th India-Iran Joint Business Council Meeting, Tehran. https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/5647/eams+speech+at+the+7th+indiairan+joint+business+
Ministery of External Affairs. (2008). Address by H.E.Mr. Pranab Mukherjee, Minister of External Affairs at a Seminar on “India and Iran : Ancient Civilizations and Modern Nations” in Tehran. https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/1768/address+by+hemr+pranab+mukherjee+minister+of+external+affairs+at+a+seminar+on+india+and+iran++ancient+civilizations+and+modern+nations+in+tehran
Ministery of External Affairs. (2010). Speech by Foreign Secretary at IDSA-IPIS Strategic Dialogue on India and Iran: an enduring relationship. https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/706/speech+by+foreign+secretary+at+idsaipis+strategic+dialogue+on+india+and+iran+an+enduring+relationship
Ministery of External Affairs. (2012). Remarks by Minister of State Shri E. Ahamed at the India-Saudi Arabia Youth Forum. https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/19171/remarks+by+minister+of+state+shri+e+ahamed+at+the+indiasaudi+arabia+youth+forum
Ministery of External Affairs. (2013a). External Affairs Minister’s interview to Arab News, Saudi Arabia . https://mea.gov.in/interviews.htm?dtl/21752/external+affairs+ministers+interview+to+arab+news+saudi+arabia+may+27+2013
Ministery of External Affairs. (2013b). External Affairs Minister’s speech at Global India Foundation Conference on “Iran’s Eurasian Dynamic: Mapping Regional and Extra-Regional Interests.” https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/21246/external+affairs+ministers+speech+at+global+india+foundation+conference+on+irans+eurasian+dynamic+mapping+regioal+and+extraregional+interests
Ministery of External Affairs. (2013c). Opening Statement by External Affairs Minister at Joint Press Conference with Foreign Minister of Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, in Jeddah. https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/21748/opening+statement+by+external+affairs+minister+at+joint+press+conference+with+foreign+minister+of+kingdom+of+saudi+arabia+in+jeddah
Ministery of External Affairs. (2014). Official visit of External Affairs Minister to United Arab Emirates. https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/24203/official+visit+of+external+affairs+minister+to+united+
Ministery of External Affairs. (2015a). Joint Statement between the United Arab Emirates and the Republic of India. https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/25733/joint+statement+between+the+united+arab+emirates+and+the+republic+of+india
Ministery of External Affairs. (2015b). Prime Minister’s telephonic conversation with King Salman bin Abdul aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia. https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/25030/prime+ministers+telephonic+conversation+with+king+salman+bin+abdul+aziz+al+saud+of+saudi+arabia
Ministery of External Affairs. (2016a). Official visit of Foreign Minister of Saudi Arabia to India. https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/26478/official+visit+of+foreign+minister+of+saudi+arabia+to+india+march+0708+2016
Ministery of External Affairs. (2016b). Prime Minister’s statement prior to his departure to Belgium, USA and Saudi Arabia. https://mea.gov.in/Speeches-Statements.htm?dtl/26570/prime+ministers+statement+prior+to+his+depar-ture+to+belgium+usa+and+saudi+arabia
Ministery of External Affairs. (2019a). Foreign Office Consultations between India and Iran. https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31828/foreign+office+consultations+between+india+and+iran
Ministery of External Affairs. (2019b). Prime Minister meets President of Iran. https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/31869/prime+minister+meets+president+of+iran
Ministery of External Affairs. (2019c). QUESTION NO.1932 TRADE AGREEMENT WITH IRAN. https://mea.gov.in/lok-sabha.htm?dtl/31536/question+no1932+trade+agreement+with+iran
Ministery of External Affairs. (2020a). QUESTION NO.517 IRAN-CHINA DEAL. https://mea.gov.in/lok-sabha.htm?dtl/32980/question+no517+iranchina+deal
Ministery of External Affairs. (2020b). QUESTION NO.1362 MoU WITH IRAN ON CHABAHAR PORT. https://mea.gov.in/rajya-sabha.htm?dtl/33036/question+no1362+mou+with+iran+on+chabahar+port
Ministery of External Affairs. (2020c). QUESTION NO.1675 CHABAHAR PORT. https://mea.gov.in/lok-sabha.htm?dtl/33013/question+no1675+chabahar+port
Ministry of Extenal Affairs. (2018). India-Iran Joint Statement during Visit of the President of Iran to India . https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/29495/indiairan+joint+statement+during+visit+of+the+
Ministry of External Affairs. (2016a). India-Saudi Arabia Joint Statement during the visit of Prime Minister to Saudi Arabia. https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/26595/indiasaudi+arabia+joint+statement+during+the+visit+of+prime+minister+to+saudi+arabia+april+03+2016
Ministry of External Affairs. (2016b). Transcript of Media Briefing by Secretary (ER) in Riyadh on Prime Minister’s visit to Saudi Arabia. https://mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/26598/transcript+of+media+briefing+
Ministry of External Affairs. (2017). QUESTION NO.512 MEDIATION BY IRAN. https://mea.gov.in/lok-sabha.htm?dtl/28640/question+no512+mediation+by+iran
Ministry of External Affairs. (2019a). India-Saudi Arabia Joint Statement during the State Visit of His Royal Highness the Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia to India. https://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/31072/indiasaudi+
Ministry of External Affairs. (2019b). Transcript of Media Briefing by Secretary (ER) during visit of EAM to UAE for the OIC Foreign Minister’s Council. https://mea.gov.in/media-briefings.htm?dtl/31110/transcript+of+
Mohan, C. R. (2020). India must seize the new strategic possibilities with the Gulf. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/india-gulf-nations-relations-trade-crude-oil-jaishankar-visit-7062948/
Pardesi, M. S. (2015). Is India a Great Power? Understanding Great Power Status in Contemporary International Relations. Asian Security, 11(1), 1–30. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2015.1005737
Pradhan, D. (2020). View: How India-Gulf ties are undergoing a fundamental reset . The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/view-how-india-gulf-ties-are-undergoing-a-fundamental-reset/articleshow/79602451.cms
Pröbsting, M. (2020). Is India a New Emerging Great Power? Critique, 48(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/03017605.2019.1706783
Saran, S. (2018). How India sees the world : Kautilya to the 21st century. Juggernaut .
Singh, K., & Roy, S. (2021). OVL loses operating rights for Iran’s Farzad-B gas field. The Indian Express. https://indianexpress.com/article/business/ovl-loses-operating-rights-for-irans-farzad-b-gas-field-7320606/
Siyech, M. S., & Singh, K. R. (2018). India’s Iran Quandary | Middle East Institute. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/indias-iran-quandary
The Economic Times. (2021). TCS completes acquisition of GE’s stake in TCS Saudi Arabia. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/information-tech/tcs-completes-acquisition-of-ges-stake-in-tcs-saudi-arabia/articleshow/83009603.cms?from=mdr