Determination of Chemical Composition and Apparent Metabolizable Energy Corrected for Nitrogen (AMEn) Content of Amaranth Grain with and without Enzyme in Adult Leghorn Roosters by Regression Method

Subject Areas : Camel

B.  Hosseintabar-Ghasemabad ¹ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran)
ح.  جانمحمدی ² (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran)
A.  Hosseinkhani ³ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran)
S.  Alijani ⁴ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran)
M.  Oliyai ⁵ (Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran)

Received: 2019-11-26 Accepted : 2020-02-29 Published : 2020-12-01

Keywords: Enzyme, metabolizable energy, adult roosters, amaranth grain, metabolic cages, poultry diets,

Abstract :

To determine chemical composition as well as apparent metabolizable energy corrected to zero nitrogen balance (AMEn) estimates of Amaranth grain in adult roosters by regression method, firstly, a specie of Amaranthus hybridus chorostachys were cultivated in a farm pilot at agriculture research station (Khalat Poushan-Tabriz- East Azarbaijan- Iran). After harvesting, amaranth grain was sifted and milled. Finally, the chemical composition of amaranth grain produced in the Advanced Animal Nutrition Laboratory was analyzed. Adult roosters 96-week-old Leghorn in individual metabolic cages for nine daysused to determine AMEn content by the regression method. The basal diet was based on corn-soybean with 3200 kcal/kg metabolizable energy and 12% protein. Two experiments with raw amaranth grain (RAG) and processing amaranth grain (PAG), started separately using 40 leghorn roosters in the form of completely random by factorial method (2´5), that each experiment consisted oftwo levels of Rovabio multi-enzyme (0 and 0.055%) and five amaranth grain levels (0, 15, 30, 45, 60% of replacement or embedment of energizing part of the diet). Each experiment included four replicates that included one bird, it was subjected to biological experiments in metabolic cages by total excreta collection method. The obtained results of regression equations in adult roosters showed that AMEn content for raw amaranth without enzyme (RAG-e), raw amaranth with an enzyme (RAG+e), processed amaranth without enzyme (PAG-e), and processed amaranth with an enzyme (PAG+e) were 3250.24, 3433.18, 3242.18 and 3438.09 kcal/kg, respectively. The total results of this study showed that according to amaranth's adaptable and nutritious agricultural features, it can have a good potential in supplementation of poultry diets with enzymes for improving the energy and nutrition quality.

References:

Acar N., Vohra P., Becker R., Hanners G. and Saunders R. (1988). Nutritional evaluation of grain amaranth for growing chickens. Poult. Sci. 67(8), 1166-1173.

Annison G., Hughes R.J. and Choct M. (1996). Effects of enzyme supplementation on the nutritive value of dehulled lupins. British Poult. Sci. 37(1), 157-172.

AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15^th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.

Bedford M.R. and Apajalahti J. (2001). Implications of diet and enzyme supplementation on the microflora of the intestinal tract. Pp. 23-30 in Proc. World's Poult. Congr., Montreal, Canada.

Bedford M.R. and Partridge G.G. (2001). Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI publishing, Oxford, UK.

Bourdillon A., Carre B., Conan L., Duperray J., Huyghebaert G., Leclercq B. and Wiseman J. (1990). European reference method for the in vivo determination of metabolisable energy with adult cockerels: Reproducibility, effect of food intake and comparison with individual laboratory methods. British Poult. Sci. 31(3), 557-565.

Budin J.T., Breene W.M. and Putnam D.H. (1996). Some compositional properties of seeds and oils of eight amaranthus species. J. American Oil Chem. Soc. 73(4), 475-481.

Cai Y., Corke H. and Wu H. (2003). Amaranth. Pp. 55-65 in Encyclopedia of Grain Science. C.W. Wrigley, H. Corke and C.E. Walker, Eds. Elsevier Academic Press, Amsterdam, Boston.

Cao M.H. and Adeola O. (2016). Energy value of poultry byproduct meal and animal-vegetable oil blend for broiler chickens by the regression method. Poult. Sci. 95, 268-275.

Choct M. and Anniso G. (1992). Antinutritive activity of wheat arabinoxylans: role of viscosity and gut microflora. British Poult. Sci. 33(82), 821-834.

Connor J., Gartner R., Runge B.M. and Amos R. (1980). Amaranthus edulis: An ancient food source re-examined. Australian J. Exp. Agric. 20(103), 156-161.

FAO/WHO/UNU. (1985). Energy and Protein Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation. Rome, Italy.

Gordon E. (2006). Analysing the versatility and complexity of cereal grains. Food Sci. 88, 1-5.

He H.P., Cai Y., Sun M. and Corke H. (2002). Extraction and purification of squalene from Amaranthus grain. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50(2), 368-372.

Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran (ISIRI). (2003).Chives-Specification and Test Method. National Standard No. 7932. Available at: http://www.isiri.org/portal/files/std/ 7932.doc.

Janmohammadi H., Nasiri Moghaddam H., Poorreza J. and Danesh Mesgaran M. (2005). Nutrient composition and protein quality in meat and bone meal. Agric. Sci. Technol. J. 19(2), 183-195.

Kalmendal R. and Tauson R. (2012). Effects of a xylanase and protease, individually or in combination, and an ionophore coccidiostat on performance, nutrient utilization, and intestinal morphology in broiler chickens fed a wheat-soybean meal-based diet. Poult. Sci. 91(6), 1387-1393.

Khush G.S. (1999). Green revolution: preparing for the 21^st century. Genome. 42(4), 646-655.

Laovoravit N., Kratzer F. and Becker R. (1986). The nutritional value of amaranth for feeding chickens. Poult. Sci. 65(7), 1365-1370.

Larbier M. and Leclercq B. (1994). Nutrition and feeding of poultry. Nottingham University Press, Nottingha, United Kingdom.

Matterson L.D., Potter L.M., Stutz M.W. and Singsen E.P. (1965). The Metabolizable energy of feed ingredients for chickens. (Research Report, 7). University of Connecticut, Connecticut, United States.

McNab J. and Boorman K. (2002). Poultry Feedstuffs: Supply, Composition and Nutritive Value. CABI publishing, Oxford, UK.

Mollah Y., Bryden W., Wallis I., Balnave D. and Annison E. (1983). Studies on low metabolisable energy wheats for poultry using conventional and rapid assay procedures and the effects of processing. British Poult. Sci. 24(1), 81-89.

Mozaffarian V. (1996). A Dictionary of Iranian Plant Names. Farhang Moaser Publishers, Tehran, Iran.

Mozaffarian V. (2013). Identification of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Iran. Farhang Moaser Publishers, Tehran, Iran.

NRC. (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9^th Rev. Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.

Pesti G., Bakalli R., Driver J., Atencio A. and Foster E. (2005). Poultry nutrition and feeding. The University of Georgia Press, Athens, Georgia.

Rastogi A. and Shukla S. (2013). Amaranth: A new millennium crop of nutraceutical values. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 53(2), 109-125.

Ravindran V., Hood R., Gill R., Kneale C. and Bryden W. (1996). Nutritional evaluation of grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) in broiler diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 63(1), 323-331.

Rochell S., Kerr B. and Dozier W. (2011). Energy determination of corn co-products fed to broiler chicks from 15 to 24 days of age, and use of composition analysis to predict nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy. Poult. Sci. 90(9), 1999-2007.

Rosegrant M.W., Paisner M.S., Meijer S. and Witcover J. (2001). Global food projections to 2020: Emerging trends and alternative futures. International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, United States.

Shivazad M. and Seidavi A. (2006). Nutrition of the Chicken. University of Tehran Press, Tehran, Iran.

Sibbald I.R. (1989). Metabolizable energy evaluation of poultry diet. Pp. 35 in Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition. Butterworths, London, United Kingdom.

Sibbald I.R. and Wolynetz M. (1989). Research note: Pellet binder and steam pelleting as nitrogen-corrected true metabolizable energy contributors: An example of the statistics used to evaluate a component of a mixture. Poult. Sci. 68(9), 1299-1302.

Tillman P. and Waldroup P. (1986). Processing grain amaranth for use in broiler diets. Poult. Sci. 65(10), 1960-1964.

Tillman P. and Waldroup P. (1988). Assessment of extruded grain amaranth as a feed ingredient for broilers. Apparent metabolizable energy values. Poult. Sci. 67(4), 641-646.

Vohra P., Chami D. and Oyawoye E. (1982). Determination of metabolizable energy by a fast method. Poult. Sci. 61(4), 766-769.

Waldroup P., Hellwig H., Longer D. and Endres C. (1985). The utilization of grain amaranth by broiler chickens. Poult. Sci. 64(4), 759-762.

Williams J. and Brenner D. (1995). In Cereals and Pseudocereals. Chapman and Hall, London, United Kingdom.