Effects of Supplementing Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Seed Hulls and Commercial Concentrate on Grazing Weanling Boer-Goats
Subject Areas : Camel
جی.کا.
متهتهو
1
(Department of Animal Production, Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0032, Gaborone, Botswana -Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana)
م.
لتسو
2
(Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana)
اس.اس.
رامابو
3
(Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana)
کا.
تشیرلتسو
4
(Department of Animal Science and Production, Botswana College of Agriculture, Private Bag 0027, Gaborone, Botswana)
Keywords: commercial concentrate / feed, natural pasture, cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i>) seed hulls, goats (<i>Capra aegagrus hircus</i>),
Abstract :
The objective of the study was to evaluate chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and growth performance of weanling Boer-goats supplemented with cowpea seed hulls (CSH) and commercial concentrate / feed (CF) with natural pasture as basal diet. Weanling Boer-goats (n=36) were assigned to 3 treatments comprising of 4 animals each (2 bucklings and 2 females) replicated three times in a completely randomized design (CRD) matrix. The goats aged between 12 and 18 months with initial body mass ranging from 17.5 - 38 kg (Mean±SD; 26.32±6.36). They were fed in a 42 d period as follows: diet 1 was the non-supplemented natural browse / pasture (control), diet 2 was the natural browse/pasture supplemented with commercial concentrate and diet 3 was the natural browse / pasture supplemented with cowpea seed hulls. Each of the supplemented diets was fed at the rate of 300 g per goat per day at 08:30 a.m. before goats could be released to graze/browse on the natural pasture within the paddock. Goats that grazed / browsed natural pasture alone (control) lost average weight of 1.12 kg, while goats that grazed / browsed natural pasture and supplemented with commercial concentrate gained 4.74 kg. Lastly, goats on basal diet and supplemented with cowpea seed hulls had average weight gain of 0.58 kg. Cowpea seed hulls can provide adequate protein and energy levels to sustain goat production during the extended dry season. The weight gain maintained during the dry season could easily upsurge when the conditions normalize after the first rains, hence early conception rate of goats.
Adebiyi O.A., Ologhobo A.D., Adu O.A. and Olasehinde T.O. (2010). Evaluation of the nutritional potentials of physically treated cowpea seed hulls in poultry feed. Emir. J. Food Agric. 22(3), 232-239.
Aganga A.A. and Mosase K.W. (2001). Tannin content, nutritive value and dry matter digestibility of Lonchocarpus cassa, Zizyphus mucronata, Sclerocarya birrea, Kirkia acuminate and Rhus lancea seeds. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 91, 107-113.
Aganga A.A., Tsopito C.M. and Adogla-Bessa T. (1998). Feed potential of acacia species to ruminants in Botswana. Arch. Zootec. 47, 659-668.
Antoniou T. and Hadjipanayiotou M. (1985). The digestibility by sheep and goats of five roughages offered alone or with concentrates. J. Agric. Sci. Camb. 105, 663-671.
AOAC. (1990). Official Methods of Analysis. Vol. I. 15th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, VA, USA.
APRU. (1975). Animal Production Research Unit. Five Year Programme of Integrated Beef Cattle and Range Research in Botswana 1970-1975. Part 1. Technical Results. Ministry of Agriculture, Private Bag 0033, Gaborone, Botswana.
ARC. (1984). The Nutrient Requirement of Ruminant Livestock. Supplement No. 1. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal, England.
Babayemi O.J. and Bamikole M.A. (2006). Effect of Tephrosia candida DC leaf and its mixtures with Guinea grass on in vitro fermentation changes as feed for ruminants in Nigeria. Pakistan J. Nutr. 5, 14-18.
Blummel M. and Ørskov E.R. (1994). Comparison of gas production and nylon bag degradability of roughages in predicting feed intake in cattle. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 40, 109-119.
Blummel M., Aiple K.P., Steingass H. and Becker K. (1999). A note on the stoichiometrical relationship of short chain fatty acid production and gas formation in vitro in feedstuffs of widely different quality. J. Anim. Physiol. A. Anim. Nutr. 81, 157-167.
Bonham C.D. (1989). Measurements for Terrestrial Vegetation. Wiley, New York, USA.
Boniface A.N., Munay R.M. and Hogan J.P. (1986). Optimum level of ammonia in the rumen liquor of cattle fed tropical pasture hay. Pp. 151-155 in Proc. Australian. Soc. Anim. Prod. Australia.
Devendra C. and McLeroy G.B. (1982). Goat and Sheep Production in the Tropics. Intermediate Tropical Agricultureseries. Longman Group, U.K.
Falaye A.E., Omoike A. and Olasebikan O.B. (2012). Replacement of maize using Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) hull meal in practical feeds of African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Fry. Int. J. Plant Environ. Sci. 2, 178-182.
Fievez V., Babayemi O.J. and Demeyer D. (2005). Estimation of direct and indirect gas production in syringes: a tool to estimate short chain fatty acid production requiring minimal laboratory facilities. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 123, 197-210.
Fondevilla M., Castrillo C., Guada J.A. and Balcells. J. (1994). Effect of ammonia treatment and carbohydrate supplementation of barley straw on rumen liquid characteristics and substrate degradation by sheep. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 50, 137-155.
Garray A.B. (2005). The effect of different ratios of ground nut hulls and molasses on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics of crossbred goats. MS Thesis. Sudan University of Science and Technology, Sudan.
Gazaneo M.P., Bovera F., Di Meo C., Piccolo G. and Nizza A. (2003). Effect of inoculum from suckling rabbits of different ages on fermentation parameters obtained with the in vitro gas production technique. Pp. 57-59 in Proc. Wild. Domest. Herbivore. Characteriz. Yucatan, Mexico.
Getachew G., Makkar H.P.S. and Becker K. (1999). Stoichiometric relationship between short chain fatty acid and in vitro gas production in presence and absence of polyethylene glycol for tannin containing browses. EAAP Satellite Symposium, Gas production: fermentation kinetics for feed evaluation and to assess microbial activity, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Gubartella K.A., Abu-Nekheila A. and El Khidir O.A. (2002). Production and reproduction traits of a flock of Sudanese Nubian goats fed on molasses or sorghum based diets. Sudan J. Anim. Prod. 15, 39-48.
Han I.K., Han J.K., Garret W.N. and Hinman N. (1989). The energy value of rice straw for ruminants as influenced by treatment with anhydrous ammonia or mixing with alfalfa. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci.2, 115-121.
Hegarty M.P. (1982). Deleterious factors in forages affecting animal production. Pp. 133-150 in Nutritional Limits to Animal Production from Pastures. J.B. Hacker, Ed. Farnham Royal, UK.
Holecheck J.L., Pieper R.D. and Herbel C.H. (2004). Range Management Principles and Practices. Prentice Hall. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Hussain F. and Durrani M.J. (2009). Nutritional evaluation of some forage plants from Harboi Rangeland, Kalat Parkistan. Pakistan J. Bot. 41, 1137-1154.
Huston J.E., Rector B.S., Ellis W.C. and Allen M.L. (1986). Dynamics of digestion in cattle, sheep, and goats and deer. J. Anim. Sci. 62, 208-215.
Islam M. (1999). Nutritional evaluation and utilization of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) frond as feed for ruminants. Ph D. Thesis. Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia.
Krebs G. and Leng R.A. (1984). The effect of supplementation with molasses / urea block on ruminal digestion. Pp. 704 in Proc. Australian Soc. Anim. Prod. Australia.
Lee H.J., Lee S.C., Kim J.D. Oh Y.G., Kim B.K., Kim C.W and Kim K.J. (2003). Methane production potential of feed ingredients as measured by in vitro gas test. National Research Institute. Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci. 16, 1143-1150.
Leng R.A. (1990). Factors affecting the utilization of forages by ruminants under tropical conditions. Nutr. Res. Rev. 3, 277-303.
Maheri-Sis N., Baradaran-Hasanzadeh A.R., Salamatdoust R., Khosravifar O., Agajanzadeh-Golshani A. and Dolgari-Sharaf J. (2011). Effect of microwave irradiation on nutritive value of sunflower meal for ruminants using in vitro gas production technique. J. Anim. Plant Sci. 2, 126-131.
McDonald P., Edwards R.A. and Greenhalgh J.F.D. (2002). Animal Nutrition. Longman, London and New York.
Menke K.H. and Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the energetic feed value obtained from chemical analysis and gas production using rumen fluid. Anim. Res. Dev. 28, 7-55.
Metereology Department. (2013). Ministry of Science and Infrastructure, Gaborone, Botswana.
Mirzaei-Aghsaghali A. and Maheri-Sis N. (2011). Importance of “physically effective fibre” in ruminant nutrition: a review. Ann. Biol. Res. 2, 262-270.
MoA. (2008). Ministry of Agriculture Annual Reports. Gaborone, Botswana.
MoA. (2012). Ministry of Agriculture Annual Reports. Gaborone, Botswana.
Morgan J.B., Wheeler T.L., Koohmaraie M., Crouse J.D. and Savell J.W. (1993). Effect of castration on myofibrillar protein turnover, endogenous proteinase activities and muscle growth in bovine skeletal muscle. J. Anim. Sci. 71, 408-414.
Mosimanyana B.M. and Kiflewahid B. (1985). Availability and seasonality of feed supply in Botswana. Department of Agricultural Research, Animal Production Research Unit, Private Bag 0033, Gaborone, Botswana.
MSU. (2010). Mississippi State University. Interpreting forage and feed analysis reports. Mississippi State University Extension Service.
Njidda A.A. and Ikhimioya I. (2010). In vitro gas production and dry matter digestibility of semi-arid browses of north eastern Nigeria. Slovak J. Anim. Sci. 43, 154-159.
NRC. (1981). Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy and meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, USA.
Nuru S. (1985). Strategies for improved production of fresh foods in Nigeria. Paper presented at the Nigerian Institute of Food Science and Technology Symposium, Federal Industrial Research Organisation (FIRO), Oshodi, Lagos, Nigeria.
Ørskov E.R. and Ryle M. (1990). Energy nutrition in ruminants. Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, Oxford, London, New York.
Plastis P.D. and Papanastasis V.P. (2003). Relationship between shrub cover and available forage in Mediterranean shrublands. Agrof. Syst. 57, 59-67.
Preston T.R. (1986). Better Utilization of Crop Residues and By-products in Animal Feeding: Research Guidelines. 2. A Practical Manual for Research Workers. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper. Food Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy.
Reed J.D., Soller H. and Wood A. (1990). Fodder tree and straw diets for sheep intake, growth, digestibility and the effect of phenolics on nitrogen utilization. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 30, 39-50.
Rittner U. and Reed J.D. (1992). Phenolics and in vitro degradability of protein and fibre in west African browse. J. Sci. Food Agric.58, 21-28.
Roche J.F. (2006). The effect of nutritional management of the dairy cow on reproductive efficiency. Anim. Repr. Sci. 96, 282-296.
SAS Institute. (2008). SAS User’s Guide Statistic, Version 9.2. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Satter L.D. and Slyter L.L. (1974). Effect of rumen ammonia concentration on rumen microbial production in vitro. Br. Nutr. 34, 199-208.
Statistics Botswana. (2012). Annual Agricultural Surveys Preliminary Results. Statistics Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana.
Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B. (1991). Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74,3583-3597.
Wallace R.J., Wallace S.J.A., McKain N., Nsereko V.L. and Hartnell G.F. (2001). Influence of supplementary fibrolytic enzymes on the fermentation of corn and grass silages by mixed ruminal microorganisms in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 79, 1905-1916.