Effects of a Commercial Blend of Phytogenic Compounds and Prebiotic on the Performance of Mid-Lactation Dairy Cows Exposed to Heat-Stress
Subject Areas : Camel
M.
Bagheri Varzaneh
1
(Department of Agriculture, Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran)
Keywords: lactating cows, Prebiotic, ambient temperature, Phytogenic compounds,
Abstract :
The efficacy of a commercial additive containing carvacrol, anethole, limonene, and fructo-oligosaccharides on heat stress (HS) abatement in lactating dairy cows was evaluated. Control pen (n=92, DIM=91±53.1 d, average milk yield=37.0 kg) without feed additive (control) and phytogenic supplemented pen (n=112, DIM=122±46.8 d, average milk yield=36.1 kg) (PS) were fed a basal total mixed ration, while PS group received 15 g of additive into 2 equal parts top-dressed daily for 5 wks. Feed intake, milk production, rectal temperature, respiratory rate, fecal score, number of cows on feed bunk, and blood biochemistry were determined. The inclusion of PS increased feed intake (P<0.05) though it did not alter milk production. While the fecal score improved, the respiratory rate and concentration of thyroxine decreased decreased in PS-supplemented cows. Feeding PS increased the number of cows on bunk feed at 0330 and 0730. Overall, supplementation of PS helped alleviate some negative effects of HS though production performance was not affected.
AOAC. (2002). Official Methods of Analysis. 17th Ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Arlington, Washington, DC., USA.
Armstrong D.V. (1994). Heat stress interaction with shade and cooling. J. Dairy Sci. 77, 2044-2050.
Bagheri M., Ghorbani G.R., Rahmani H.R., Khorvash M., Nili N. and Südekum K.H. (2009). Effect of live yeast and mannan-oligosaccharides on performance of early-lactation Holstein dairy cows. Asian-Australian J. Anim. Sci. 22, 812-818.
Bagheri Varzaneh M., Klevenhusen F., Zebeli Q. and Petri R. (2018). Scrophularia striata extract supports rumen fermentation and improves microbial diversity in vitro compared to monensin. Front. Microbiol. 9, 2164-2171.
Baumgard L.H., Wheelock J.B., Sanders S.R., Moore C.E., Green H.B., Waldron M.R. and Rhoads R.P. (2011). Postabsorptive carbohydrate adaptations to heat stress and monensin supplementation in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 5620-5633.
Bodas R., Prieto N., García-González R., Andrés S., Giráldez F.J. and López S. (2012). Manipulation of rumen fermentation and methane production with plant secondary metabolites. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 176, 78-93.
Bohmanova J., Misztal I. and Cole J.B. (2007). Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress. J. Dairy Sci. 90, 1947-1956.
Boyd J., West J.W., Bernard J.K. and Block S.S. (2012). Effects of plant extracts on milk yield and apparent efficiency of lactating dairy cows during hot weather. Prof. Anim. Sci. 28, 338-343.
Cardozo P.W., Calsamiglia S., Ferret A. and Kamel C. (2006). Effects of alfalfa extract, anise, capsicum, and a mixture of cinnamaldehyde and eugenol on ruminal fermentation and protein degradation in beef heifers fed a high-concentrate diet. J. Anim. Sci. 84, 2801-2808.
Cheng J.B., Bu D.P., Wang J.Q., Sun X.Z., Pan L., Zhou L.Y. and Liu W. (2014). Effects of rumen-protected γ-aminobutyric acid on performance and nutrient digestibility in heat-stressed dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 5599-5607.
Das R., Sailo L., Verma N., Bharti P. and Saikia J. (2016). Impact of heat stress on health and performance of dairy animals: A review. Vet. World. 9, 260-268.
Franz C., Baser K.H.C. and Windisch W. (2010). Essential oils and aromatic plants in animal feeding–a European perspective. A review. Flavour Fragr. J. 25, 327-340.
Hao L.Y., Wang J., Sun P. and Bu D.P. (2016). The effect of heat stress on the metabolism of dairy cows: Updates and review. Austin. J. Nutr. Metab. 3, 1-3.
Hashemzadeh-Cigari F., Khorvash M., Ghorbani G.R., Kadivar M., Riasi A. and Zebeli Q. (2014). Effects of supplementation with a phytobiotics-rich herbal mixture on performance, udder health, and metabolic status of Holstein cows with various levels of milk somatic cell counts. J. Dairy Sci. 97, 7487-7497.
Havlin J.M. and Robinson P.H. (2015). Intake, milk production and heat stress of dairy cows fed a citrus extract during summer heat. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 208, 23-32.
IPCC (Inter Governmental Panel on Climate Change). (2007). Climate Change: Synthesis Report. Available at: https://archive.ipcc.ch/.
Joblin K.N. and Naylor G.E. (2002). The ruminal mycoplasmas: A review. J. Appl. Anim. Res. 21, 161-179.
Khiaosa-Ard R. and Zebeli Q. (2013). Meta-analysis of the effects of essential oils and their bioactive compounds on rumen fermentation characteristics and feed efficiency in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 91, 1819-1830.
Kone P., Machado P.F. and Cook R.M. (1989). Effect of the combination of monensin and isoacids on rumen fermentation in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 72, 2767-2771.
Min L., Li D., Tong X., Nan X., Ding D., Xu B. and Wang G. (2019). Nutritional strategies for alleviating the detrimental effects of heat stress in dairy cows: A review. Int. J. Biometeorol. 63(9), 1283-1302.
Moallem U., Altmark G., Lehrer H. and Arieli A. (2010). Performance of high-yielding dairy cows supplemented with fat or concentrate under hot and humid climates. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 3192-3202.
Nascimento F.G.D.O., Aguiar H.C.P., Rodrigues G.M., Guimarães E.C. and Nascimento M.R.B.D.M. (2019). What is the best temperature-humidity index equation to indicate heat stress in crossbred dairy calves in a tropical environment? Cienca Rural. 49(1), e20180132.
NRC. (1981). Effect of Environment on Nutrient Requirements of Domestic Animals. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
NRC. (2001). Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Ed. National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA.
Pan L., Bu D.P., Wang J.Q., Cheng J.B., Sun X.Z., Zhou L.Y., Qin X., Zhang X.K. and Yuan Y.M. (2014). Effects of Radix Bupleuri extract supplementation on lactation performance and rumen fermentation in heat-stressed lactating Holstein cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 187, 1-8.
Petri R.M., Schwaiger T., Penner G.B., Beauchemin K.A., Forster R.J., McKinnon J.J. and McAllister T.A. (2013). Characterization of the core rumen microbiome in cattle during transition from forage to concentrate as well as during and after an acidotic challenge. PLoS One. 8, e83424.
Polsky L. and von Keyserlingk M.A. (2017). Invited review: Effects of heat stress on dairy cattle welfare. J. Dairy Sci. 100, 8645-8657.
Rejeb M., Sadraoui R., Najar T. and Mrad M.B. (2016). A complex interrelationship between rectal temperature and dairy cows’ performance under heat stress conditions. Open J. Anim. Sci. 5, 24-30.
Reza-Yazdi K., Fallah M., Khodaparast M., Kateb F. and Hosseini-Ghaffari M. (2014). Effects of specific essential oil compounds on, feed intake, milk production, and ruminal environment in dairy cows during heat exposure. Int. J. Biol. Biomol. Agric. Food Biotechnol. Eng. 8, 1394-1397.
Samanta A. K., Jayapal N., Senani S., Kolte A. P. and Sridhar M. (2013). Prebiotic inulin: Useful dietary adjuncts to manipulate the livestock gut microflora. Braz. J. Microbiol. 44, 1-14.
SAS Institute. (1999). SAS®/STAT Software, Release 8. SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC. USA.
Shan C.H., Guo J., Sun X., Li N., Yang X., Gao Y. and Zhao J.J. (2018). Effects of fermented Chinese herbal medicines on milk performance and immune function in late-lactation cows under heat stress conditions. J. Anim. Sci. 96, 4444-4457.
St-Pierre N.R., Cobanov B. and Schnitkey G. (2003). Economic losses from heat stress by US livestock industries. J. Dairy Sci. 86, 52-77.
Tager L.R. and Krause K.M. (2011). Effects of essential oils on rumen fermentation, milk production, and feeding behavior in lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 94, 2455-2464.
Umucalilar H.D., Gulsen N., Hayirli A. and Alatas M.S. (2010). Potential role of inulin in rumen fermentation. Rev. Méd. Vét. 161, 3-9.
van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B. and Lewis B.A. (1991). Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74, 3583-3597.
Wheelock J.B., Rhoads R.P., VanBaale M.J., Sanders S.R. and Baumgard L.H. (2010). Effects of heat stress on energetic me-tabolism in lactating Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 93, 644-655.
Zhao S., Min L., Zheng N. and Wang J. (2019). Effect of heat stress on bacterial composition and metabolism in the rumen of lactating dairy cows. Animals. 9, 925-934.