The historical course of critical knowledge in Europe

Subject Areas : Epistemological and methodological researcher of historical research

Bahman Modiri ^{1 *}

1 - Department Of Persian Litrature,. Islamic Azda University. Shhahrood. Iran

Received: 2023-01-23 Accepted : 2023-05-28 Published : 2023-02-20

Keywords: Critic, caviller, history . schools . Europe,

Abstract :

At the same time as the philosophical and literary campaigns in ancient Greece, the rhetoricians of the western civilization basin paid attention to critical knowledge and evaluated and judged the content and message of the poems and writings of writers. Three famous philosophers, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, by analyzing poetry and speech criticism, made the issues of literary criticism a rule, and gradually, the art of criticism found a privileged place in European literature. This article, with a descriptive-analytical approach, aims to reflect on the flow of theorizing in the field of criticism in a passing perspective and illustrate the development and excellence of the knowledge of criticism in the history of Western literature. The result of the research shows that criticism began with philosophy and the questioning of Greek philosophers became an indicator for the evaluation of literary texts to the point where in the period of infancy, classical texts were also criticized and with such thinking and legacy, new schools of criticism emerged. Schools that are based on the combination of the most constructive and enlightened opinions and with their various manifestations introduce literature as a systematic and independent knowledge