Investigation of Sewage Treatment Conditions in Guilan Province Hospitals
Subject Areas : Water and EnvironmentAbdolreza Karimi 1 , Zahra Rahimi Rashtabadi 2
1 - Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University of Technology (QUT)
2 - M.Sc. Student, Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Qom University of Technology, Qom, Iran
Keywords: Keywords: Hospital Wastewater, Effluent quality, Wastewater treatment, Ammonia,
Abstract :
Hospital wastewater contains a variety of pollutants, a large amount of pathogenic microorganisms, viruses, radioactive materials, etc., which unless treated and disposed properly, can cause serious damage to human beings and the environment. The purposes of this study are to investigate the wastewater treatment and disposal conditions and the effluent quality in Guilan hospitals.In this study, besides the investigation of wastewater management conditions in Guilan hospitals with wastewater treatment plants, the sewage treatment performance was assessed in one of the hospitals. Qualitative indicators including total coliform, fecal coliform, pH, DO, BOD5, COD, TSS, total phosphate, ammonia, nitrate and silver in the effluent were assessed and the lab results were compared to the standards of Iran Department of Environment.According to statistical results, 10 out of the 34 studied Guilan hospitals have active wastewater treatment systems. Furthermore, the qualitative assessment showed that pH, COD, BOD5, DO, phosphate, nitrate, silver, total coliform and fecal coliform levels in the hospital conform to the standards of Iran Department of Environment. However, reduction of ammonia and TSS levels should be considered. A number of hospitals in Guilan do not have wastewater treatment plant and their wastewater is discharged into municipal wastewater collection systems or drains. On the other hand, a number of hospitals with wastewater treatment plants do not work properly. Therefore, it is important to consider executive decisions regarding new wastewater treatment technologies and upgrading treatment process in existing wastewater treatment plants. Keywords: Hospital Wastewater, Effluent Quality, Wastewater Treatment, Ammonia
1- ملکوتیان، محمد و همکاران، بررسی میزان شیوع و مرگ‌ومیر ناشی از بیماریهای منتقله از آب آشامیدنی و غذا، مجله ارتقای ایمنی و پیشگیری از مصدومیتها، 1394، جلد 3، شماره 1، صفحات 15 تا 24.
2- Aashima Sharma, Sachin .J. Mane, 2017. Removal of Solids from Hospital Wastewater using Electrocoagulation. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, Vol.7, No.6, pp.13313-13315.
3- Perrodin Y, Christine B, Sylvie B, Alain D, Jean-Luc B-K, Cécile C-O, et al., 2013. A priori assessment of ecotoxicological risks linked to building a hospital. Chemosphere, Vol.90, No.3, pp.1037-1046.
4- Parinitha .T. Niranjan, 2017. Kinetic Studies for Hospital Wastewater by Fenton and Electro Fenton Process. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, Vol.7, No.5, pp.11577-11580.
5- Santos LHMLM, Gros M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Delerue-Matos C, Pena A, Barceló D, et al., 2013. Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals. Science of The Total Environment, Vol.461–62, pp.302-316.
6- Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barceló D., 2012. Hospital effluent: investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Science of the total environment, Vol.430, pp.109-118.
7- . Verlicchi P, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barceló D., 2010. Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: An overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options. Journal of Hydrology, Vol.389, No.3-4, pp.416-428.
8- Escher BI, Baumgartner R, Koller M, Treyer K, Lienert J, McArdell CS., 2011. Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water Research, Vol.45, No.1, pp.75-92.
9- Gautam AK, Kumar S, Sabumon PC., 2007. Preliminary study of physico-chemical treatment options for hospital wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.83, No.3, pp.298-306.
10- Emmanuel E, Pierre MG, Perrodin Y., 2009. Groundwater contamination by microbiological and chemical substances released from hospital wastewater: Health risk assessment for drinking water consumers. Environment International, Vol.35, No.4, pp.718-726.
11- Jelic A, Gros M, Ginebreda A, Cespedes-Sánchez R, Ventura F, Petrovic M, et al., 2011. Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Research, Vol.45, No.3, pp.1165-1176.
12- Baquero F, Martínez J-L, Cantón R., 2008. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol.19, No.3, pp.260-265.
13- Mackuľak T, Nagyová K, Faberová M, Grabic R, Koba O, Gál M, et al., 2015. Utilization of Fenton-like reaction for antibiotics and resistant bacteria elimination in different parts of WWTP. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol.40, No.2, pp.492-497.
14- جعفری سلیم، بابک و همکاران، تصفیه فاضلاب بیمارستانی؛ راهکارها، مشکلات و تأثیرات آن بر محیط زیست، سومینهمایش تخصصی مهندسی محیطزیست، 1388، مهر، 15-16، تهران، ایران
15- Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F., 2009. Pre-treatment of hospital wastewater by coagulation– flocculation and flotation. Bioresource Technology, Vol.100, No.7, pp.2138-2146.
16- Munoz M, Garcia-Muñoz P, Pliego G, Pedro ZMd, Zazo JA, Casas JA, et al.,2016. Application of intensified Fenton oxidation to the treatment of hospital wastewater: Kinetics, ecotoxicity and disinfection. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol.4, No.4, Part A, pp.4107-4112.
17- Jolibois B, Guerbet M, Vassal S., 2003. Detection of hospital wastewater genotoxicity with the SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. Chemosphere, Vol.51, No.6, pp.539-543.
18- فرهودی، میثم و محمودیان، محمود، اثر فاضلابهای بیمارستانی برروی سیستمهای تصفیه فاضلابهای شهری و خطرات زیستی آن، کنفرانس بین المللی آب و فاضلاب، 1390، اردیبهشت، 7-8، تهران، ایران
19- گلبابایی کوتنایی، فرشاد، تصفیه فاضلاب با استفاده از نانو فیلتراسیون، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه صنعتی (نوشیروانی) بابل، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، 1390
20- حسن پوربریجانی، صمد، جلیل، محمد، منگلی زاده، نظام‌الدین و همکاران، ارزیابی عملکرد تصفیه خانه فاضلاب بیمارستان حکیم جرجانی شهرستان گرگان، پنجمینکنفرانس بین المللی توسعه پایدار و عمران شهری، ۱۳۹۴، آذر، 26-28، اصفهان، ایران
Ferre-Aracil J, Valcárcel Y, Negreira N, de Alda ML, Barceló D, Cardona SC, et al., 2016. Ozonation of hospital raw wastewaters for cytostatic compounds removal. Kinetic modelling and economic assessment of the process. Science of the Total Environment, Vol.556, pp.70-79.
_||_1- ملکوتیان، محمد و همکاران، بررسی میزان شیوع و مرگ‌ومیر ناشی از بیماریهای منتقله از آب آشامیدنی و غذا، مجله ارتقای ایمنی و پیشگیری از مصدومیتها، 1394، جلد 3، شماره 1، صفحات 15 تا 24.
2- Aashima Sharma, Sachin .J. Mane, 2017. Removal of Solids from Hospital Wastewater using Electrocoagulation. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, Vol.7, No.6, pp.13313-13315.
3- Perrodin Y, Christine B, Sylvie B, Alain D, Jean-Luc B-K, Cécile C-O, et al., 2013. A priori assessment of ecotoxicological risks linked to building a hospital. Chemosphere, Vol.90, No.3, pp.1037-1046.
4- Parinitha .T. Niranjan, 2017. Kinetic Studies for Hospital Wastewater by Fenton and Electro Fenton Process. International Journal of Engineering Science and Computing, Vol.7, No.5, pp.11577-11580.
5- Santos LHMLM, Gros M, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Delerue-Matos C, Pena A, Barceló D, et al., 2013. Contribution of hospital effluents to the load of pharmaceuticals in urban wastewaters: Identification of ecologically relevant pharmaceuticals. Science of The Total Environment, Vol.461–62, pp.302-316.
6- Verlicchi P, Al Aukidy M, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barceló D., 2012. Hospital effluent: investigation of the concentrations and distribution of pharmaceuticals and environmental risk assessment. Science of the total environment, Vol.430, pp.109-118.
7- . Verlicchi P, Galletti A, Petrovic M, Barceló D., 2010. Hospital effluents as a source of emerging pollutants: An overview of micropollutants and sustainable treatment options. Journal of Hydrology, Vol.389, No.3-4, pp.416-428.
8- Escher BI, Baumgartner R, Koller M, Treyer K, Lienert J, McArdell CS., 2011. Environmental toxicology and risk assessment of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater. Water Research, Vol.45, No.1, pp.75-92.
9- Gautam AK, Kumar S, Sabumon PC., 2007. Preliminary study of physico-chemical treatment options for hospital wastewater. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol.83, No.3, pp.298-306.
10- Emmanuel E, Pierre MG, Perrodin Y., 2009. Groundwater contamination by microbiological and chemical substances released from hospital wastewater: Health risk assessment for drinking water consumers. Environment International, Vol.35, No.4, pp.718-726.
11- Jelic A, Gros M, Ginebreda A, Cespedes-Sánchez R, Ventura F, Petrovic M, et al., 2011. Occurrence, partition and removal of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during wastewater treatment. Water Research, Vol.45, No.3, pp.1165-1176.
12- Baquero F, Martínez J-L, Cantón R., 2008. Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments. Current Opinion in Biotechnology, Vol.19, No.3, pp.260-265.
13- Mackuľak T, Nagyová K, Faberová M, Grabic R, Koba O, Gál M, et al., 2015. Utilization of Fenton-like reaction for antibiotics and resistant bacteria elimination in different parts of WWTP. Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, Vol.40, No.2, pp.492-497.
14- جعفری سلیم، بابک و همکاران، تصفیه فاضلاب بیمارستانی؛ راهکارها، مشکلات و تأثیرات آن بر محیط زیست، سومینهمایش تخصصی مهندسی محیطزیست، 1388، مهر، 15-16، تهران، ایران
15- Suarez S, Lema JM, Omil F., 2009. Pre-treatment of hospital wastewater by coagulation– flocculation and flotation. Bioresource Technology, Vol.100, No.7, pp.2138-2146.
16- Munoz M, Garcia-Muñoz P, Pliego G, Pedro ZMd, Zazo JA, Casas JA, et al.,2016. Application of intensified Fenton oxidation to the treatment of hospital wastewater: Kinetics, ecotoxicity and disinfection. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, Vol.4, No.4, Part A, pp.4107-4112.
17- Jolibois B, Guerbet M, Vassal S., 2003. Detection of hospital wastewater genotoxicity with the SOS chromotest and Ames fluctuation test. Chemosphere, Vol.51, No.6, pp.539-543.
18- فرهودی، میثم و محمودیان، محمود، اثر فاضلابهای بیمارستانی برروی سیستمهای تصفیه فاضلابهای شهری و خطرات زیستی آن، کنفرانس بین المللی آب و فاضلاب، 1390، اردیبهشت، 7-8، تهران، ایران
19- گلبابایی کوتنایی، فرشاد، تصفیه فاضلاب با استفاده از نانو فیلتراسیون، پایاننامه کارشناسی ارشد، دانشگاه صنعتی (نوشیروانی) بابل، دانشکده مهندسی عمران، 1390
20- حسن پوربریجانی، صمد، جلیل، محمد، منگلی زاده، نظام‌الدین و همکاران، ارزیابی عملکرد تصفیه خانه فاضلاب بیمارستان حکیم جرجانی شهرستان گرگان، پنجمینکنفرانس بین المللی توسعه پایدار و عمران شهری، ۱۳۹۴، آذر، 26-28، اصفهان، ایران
Ferre-Aracil J, Valcárcel Y, Negreira N, de Alda ML, Barceló D, Cardona SC, et al., 2016. Ozonation of hospital raw wastewaters for cytostatic compounds removal. Kinetic modelling and economic assessment of the process. Science of the Total Environment, Vol.556, pp.70-79.