Physical and climatic investigation of historical houses in Tabriz metropolis with emphasis on aesthetic components
Subject Areas :فاطمه محمدیان 1 , علی آذر 2 * , اسدالله شفیع زاده 3
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Abstract :
Introduction:Qajar houses have a special place in terms of diversity of spatial values and the variety of decorations used in them. The number of decorations used in the exterior and interior of houses, both in terms of form and style, and in terms of materials and execution techniques, shows its special importance in the architecture of this period. The Qajar architect, knowing the socio-political developments of his time and taking into account the demands of the society, decorates the building with a combination of Western art. The transformation of Tabriz into a royal court during the reign of Abbas Mirza is the main reason for the multiplicity of historical houses in this city. This study is important from the aspect that it wants to give some not-so-deep views that they imagine, leaving aside the aesthetic components of the old houses of Tabriz that can convey the most charming semantic messages of traditional houses to the viewer. Give a simple warning.
Materials and Methods :In this study, according to the nature and objectives, the descriptive-analytical method is used with a qualitative method, which is done through in-depth interviews with 6 experts in the field of architecture and the interviews are also done using a tape recorder. Is. Responders' voice is encrypted using "MaxiCode" quality data analysis software.
Results and Discussion :Based on the analysis, 4 main categories, 16 subcategories and 79 codes have been identified, which will be examined in more detail below.
1- Origin-Earthquake 1193 (lunar year) equal to 1780 AD: According to studies, the earthquake of 1193 has caused the destruction of all housing and houses in the city of Tabriz. Therefore, the style of construction and architecture of the house before this date is basically not available in the city of Tabriz.
2- The first period of mere functionalism: After the destruction of the city by the devastating earthquake of 1193, the need and priority of housing construction in the city was raised quite seriously, mostly including construction and with emphasis on speed. The period was not an opportunity to discuss the aesthetics of architecture. In the first period of urban reconstruction, an architecture or a single format for the construction of housing was considered. This can be the reason for the similarity of the column heads in this period.
3- The second period of the era of imitation: In the second period, with the expansion of relations with Europe, and the movement of Iranian architects to the West, European architecture and a kind of simulation and copying of the architectural design of eclectic European styles became common in Tabriz.
Baroque style: Baroque style with special emphasis on aesthetic dimensions and building decorations drew the attention of Iranian architects to add minor (and generally incomplete and imitation) decorations in the constructed buildings.
Extraversion: In this period, the historical houses of cities such as Yazd have been built introverted according to the climate and climatic conditions, while the historical houses of Tabriz have been built extroverted.
Bedding-sash-headstone: Bedding, sash and headboards imitation of European architecture had become an important part of the decorations of the affluent strata of society in this period.
4- The third period of aesthetics-functionalism: The third period of house architecture in Tabriz, along with distancing oneself from the necessity of building shelters due to earthquakes and the evolution of the adaptation and imitation approach, can be called the period of aesthetics-functionalism. In this period, aesthetic dimensions are synchronized with functional factors at the same level and level.
-Dimensions of aesthetics: The dimensions of aesthetics identified in this course include the following:
Two-door, three-door and five-door: These components are considered in the form of pause spaces (two-door, three-door, five-door) in the architecture of Qajar houses in Tabriz.
Presence of nature: In a historic house, the house is not separate from nature and the presence of representatives of nature within the space organization of the standard house is mandatory.
Sash window combination: In this period, the combination of sash and windows create a beautiful visual scene. Sash and light and color, providing the desired light to all the spaces of the house, the windows, the generosity of the house spaces, the favorable connection of the house spaces, the decorations of the Qajar houses, all and all met the well-being of the house dwellers.
Arrangement and proportion of components: In this period, the spaces are simple, but the arrangement and arrangement of the spaces seems very desirable. And they have made it unique. In these houses, the courtyard is a room without a roof from the point of view of the spatial organization of historic houses.
- Functional dimensions: The meaning of performance is to provide the needs of comfort, convenience, security, accommodation and optimal stay at home. Functionally and functionally, few houses can be found that are comparable to Qajar houses in Tabriz.
Flexibility: The space organization of historic houses in Tabriz has been very flexible in the face of the needs and changes of lifestyle.
Coordination with local custom: The functional components related to the custom and well-being of the residents in these houses are very many. The formation of these houses was influenced by the culture of that time.
Pattern of porch room: The oldest, most reliable and most durable pattern of space organization in these houses is the pattern of room + porch + yard
Indigenous materials: The formation of these houses with the materials of the region and natively in the doors and windows of these houses and even the stairs, all the spatial relations of the houses have a regular and desirable arrangement.
Lover of age-sex groups: The well-being of women and children is one of the issues that have been considered in the architecture of historic houses in Tabriz. In the case of women: for example, the housewife did not have to just sit in a corner, for example, and that exactly the light was paid to illuminate the spaces of the house. Also, a child can open these windows.
Light and climate: Qajar houses of Tabriz in terms of overall form and function, for example, that in winter they have the best light in the south directly inside the space in terms of climate issues is really worth considering.
Conclusion: Aesthetic components are considered as one of the richest semantic factors in urban architecture and the architecture of historical houses of the Qajar period in the city of Tabriz, which are influenced by physical, cultural, social and religious contexts on many activities and functional patterns of users in the environment. Made effective