The Quality of Nursing Care in Intensive Care Units: Influential Factors and the Role of Families
Subject Areas :
1 - faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Community Health Research Center, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran
Keywords: Nursing, Care, ICU, Quality of care, Family,
Abstract :
Introduction: Due to factors in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU), the likelihood of adverse events is significantly increased, which affects the quality of care. This study examined the factors affecting the quality of nursing care in the ICU. Methods: A comprehensive review of studies was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Elsevier, and Magiran. Inclusion criteria focused on studies related to nursing care quality and family involvement in ICUs. Exclusion criteria included studies with weak methodologies or insufficient data. Results: From an initial 260 articles, 34 studies were selected, revealing key factors influencing care quality, such as family involvement, staffing levels, nurse-patient ratio, emotional Well-Being, teamwork, work environment, technological advancements, ethical challenges, cultural competence, and adequate rest. Conclusion: By investing in these key factors, ICUs can deliver safer, more effective, and patient-centered services that address the medical, emotional, and social needs of patients and their families.
References:
1. Rezaee N, Salar A, Keykha A. Nurses' experience of nursing care in the intensive care unit: a qualitative study. J Crit Care Nurs. 2020;13(2):46-53.
2. Salimi T, Karimi H, Shahbazi L, Dehghanpour MH, Hafezieh A, Parandeh K, Eshghi F. Assessment Of the clinical skills of final-year nursing students in intensive care units. J Shahid Sadoughi Uni Med Scie. 2005;13(3):60-66.
3. Młynarska A, Krawuczka A, Kolarczyk E, Uchmanowicz I. Rationing of Nursing Care in Intensive Care Units. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):1-13. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph17196944.
4. Bayatmanesh H., Zagheri Tafreshi M., Mnoochehri H, Akbarzadeh Baghban A. Evaluation of Patient-Related Nursing Care with Standards in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Armaghane Danesh. 2017;22(3): 375-389.
5. Pahlavanzadeh S, Asgari Z, Alimohammadi N. Effects of stress management program on the quality of nursing care and intensive care unit nurses. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016;21(3):213-218. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.180376.
6. Aiken LH, Cimiotti JP, Sloane DM, Smith HL, Flynn L, Neff DF. The Effects of Nurse Staffing and Nurse Education on Patient Deaths in Hospitals With Different Nurse Work Environments. Med Care. 2011;49(12):1047-1053. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182330b6e.
7. Tonna JE, Dalton A, Presson AP, Zhang C, Colantuoni E, Lander K, Howard S, Beynon J, Kamdar BB. The Effect of a Quality Improvement Intervention on Sleep and Delirium in Critically Ill Patients in a Surgical ICU. CHEST. 2021;160(3):899-908. doi: 10.1016/ j.chest.2021.03.030.
8. Ali NA, Hammersley JR, Hoffmann SP, O'Brien JM. Continuity of Care in Intensive Care Units A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Intensivist Staffing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(7):803-8. doi:10.1164/rccm.201103-0555OC.
9. Cimiotti JP, Aikan LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):486-90. Doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029.
10. Ulrich CM, Taylor C, Soeken K, O'Donnell P, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Everyday Ethics: Ethical Issues and Stress in Nursing Practice. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(11):2510-9. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2648.2010.05425.x.
11. Epner DE, Baile WF. Patient-centered care: the key to cultural competence. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(3):iii33-iii42. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds086.
12. Sagherian K, Clinton ME, Huijer HAS, Geiger-Brown J. Fatigue, Work Schedules, and Perceived Performance in Bedside Care Nurses. Workplace Health Saf. 2017;65(7):304-312. doi: 10.1177/2165079916665398.
13. Castellan C, Sluga S, Spina E, Sanson G. Nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions as measures of patient complexity and nursing care requirement in Intensive Care Unit. J Adv Nurs. 2016;72(6):1273-86. doi: 10.1111/jan.12913.
14. Mitchell M, Chaboyer W, Burmeister E, Foster M. Positive effects of a nursing intervention on family-centered care in adult critical care. Am J Crit Care. 2009;18(6):543-52. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2009226.
15. Cho SH, June, KJ, Kim YM, Cho YA, Yoo CS, Yun SC, Sung YH. Nurse staffing, quality of nursing care and nurse job outcomes in intensive care units. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18:1729–1737. dOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02721.x.
16. Nogueira TA, Menegueti MG, Perdona´ GSC, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Fugulin FMT, Laus AM. Effect of nursing care hours on the outcomes of Intensive Care assistance. PLOS One J. 2017;12(11):1-9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188241.
17. Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-1146. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0068OC.
18. Yeşil P, Öztunç G, Eskimez Z, Tanriverdi G, Köse I. An Investigation of Patients’ Perceptions of Nursing Care: Case of Intensive Care. Int J Car Scie. 2015;8(2):412-419.
19. Vincelette C, D'Aragon F, Stevens LM, Rochefort CM. The characteristics and factors associated with omitted nursing care in the intensive care unit: A cross-sectional study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2023;75:1033-43. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103343.
20. Woldring J, Paans W, Gans R, Dorland L, Luttik ML. Families' importance in nursing care-families' opinions: a cross-sectional survey study in the homecare setting. Arch Public Health. 2024;82(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s13690-024-01314-4.
21. Ausserhofer D, Zander B, Busse R, Schubert M, Geest SD, Rafferty AM, Ball J, Scott A, Kinnunen J, Heinen M, Sjetne IS, Moreno-Casbas T, Kózka M, Lindqvist R, Diomidous M, Bruyneel L, Sermeus W, Aiken LH, Schwendimann R. Prevalence, patterns and predictors of nursing care left undone in European hospitals: results from the multicountry cross-sectional RN4CAST study. BMJ J. 2014;23(2):126-135. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002318.
22. Pereira S, Fassarella C, Ribeiro O. Development and Validation of the “Program to Promote Positive Nursing Practice Environments”: Modified Delphi Study. Healthcare. 2024;12(17):1-15. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12171748.
23. DeRosa AP, Baltich NB, Delgado D, Mages KC, Martin L, Stribling JC. Involvement of information professionals in patient- and family-centered care initiatives: a scoping review. J Med Libr Assoc. 2019;107:314-322. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2019.652.
24. Joo Y, Jang Y, Kwon Y. Contents and effectiveness of patient- and family-centered care interventions in adult intensive care units: A systematic review. Nurs Crit Care. 2024; 29(6):1290-1302.
25. Garrouste-Orgeas M, Philippart F, Timsit JF, Diaw F, Willems V, Tabah A, Bretteville G, Verdavainne A, Misset B, Carlet J. Perceptions of a 24-hour visiting policy in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1):30-35. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000295310.29099.F8.
26. Fernández-Martínez E, Mapango EA, Martínez-Fernández MC, Valle-Barrio V. Family-centered care of patients admitted to the intensive care unit in times of COVID-19: A systematic review. Inten Crit Care Nurs. 2022;70(2022):1-13.
27. Olding M, McMillan SE, Reeves S, Schmitt MH, Puntillo K, Kitto S. Patient and family involvement in adult critical and intensive care settings: a scoping review. Health Expect. 2016;19(6):1183-1202. doi: 10.1111/hex.12402.
28. Johnsson A, Wagman P, Boman Å, Pennbrant S. Striving to establish a care relationship-mission possible or impossible?-Triad encounters between patients, relatives and nurses. Health Expect. 2019;22(6):1304–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12971
29. Griffiths P, Ball J, Drennan J, Dall’Ora C, Jones J, Maruotti A, Pope C, Saucedo RA, Simon M. Nurse staffing and patient outcomes: Strengths and limitations of the evidence to inform policy and practice. A review and discussion paper based on evidence reviewed for the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Safe Staffing guideline development. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;63:213-225. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.012.
30. Kane RL , Shamliyan TA, Mueller C, Duval S, Wilt TJ. The association of registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Care. 2007;45(12):1195-204. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181468ca.
31. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Safe nurse staffing of adult wards in acute hospitals: Report from SSAC sub‐group meeting expert paper 3 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
32. Maslach C, Jackson S.E. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ. Behav. 1981;2(1):99–113.
33. Quesada-Puga C, Izquierdo-Espin FJ, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Aguayo-Estremera R, Fuente GACL, Romero-Béjar JL, Gómez-Urquiza JL. Job satisfaction and burnout syndrome among intensive-care unit nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. 2024;82(2024):1-10.
34. Chlan LL. Burnout syndrome among critical care professionals: a cause for alarm. Crit Care Alert. 2013;21:65-68.
35. Lu H, Zhao Y, While A. Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2019;94:21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.011.
36. Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement—Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health-care Professionals A Call for Action. CHEST. 2016;150(1):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.649.
37. Ślusarz R, Filipska K, Jabłońska R, Królikowska A, Szewczyk MT, Wiśniewski A, Biercewicz M. Analysis of job burnout, satisfaction and work-related depression among neurological and neurosurgical nurses in Poland: A cross-sectional and multicentre study. Nurs Open. 2022;9(2):1228–1240. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1164.
38. Unjai S, Forster EM, Mitchell AE, Creedy DK. Compassion satisfaction, resilience and passion for work among nurses and physicians working in intensive care units: A mixed method systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2022;71:103248. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103660.
39. Liao C, Qin Y, He Y, Guo Y. The Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Behavior Scale: Development and psychometric testing. Int J Nurs Scie. 2015;2(4):334-339.
40. Blanc PML, Schaufeli WB, Salanova M, Llorens S, Nap RE. Efficacy beliefs predict collaborative practice among intensive care unit nurses. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(3):583–594. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05229.x.
41. Dougherty MB, Larson EL. The Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Scale. J Nurs Adm. 2010;40(1):17-25. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181c47cd6.
42. Wu J, Liu Z, Shen D, Luo Z, Xiao Z, Liu Y, Huang H. Prevention of unplanned endotracheal extubation in intensive care unit: An overview of systematic reviews. Nurs Open. 2022;10:392–403. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1317.
43. Yılmaz E, Özkan S. Perceived social support and loneliness levels of patients in surgical clinics. Ege Uni J Nurs High School. 2009;25:73-88.
44. Stewart KR. 2016. SBAR, Communication, and Patient Safety: An Integrated Literature Review, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Honors Theses.
45. Recio-Saucedo A, Dall’Ora C, Maruotti A, Ball J, Briggs J, Meredith P, Redfern OC, Kovacs C, Prytherch D, Smith GB, Griffiths P. What impact does nursing care left undone have on patient outcomes? Review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2017;27(11-12):2248–2259.
46. Alotaibi YK, Federico F. The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(12):1173-1180. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.12.20631.
47. Türkan Işik M, Özdemir RC, Serinkaya D. Ethical Attitudes of Intensive Care Nurses during Clinical Practice and Affecting Factors. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022;26(3):288–293. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24143.
48. Kirmayer LJ. Rethinking cultural competence. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2012;49(2):149–164.
49. Betancourt JR, Green AR, Carrillo JE. Defining Cultural Competence: A Practical Framework for Addressing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care. Public Health Rep. 2003;118(4):293-302. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50253-4.
50. Wong CA, Cummings GG, Ducharme L. The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review update. J Nurs Manag. 2013;21(5):709–724. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12116.
51. Laschinger HK, Wong CA, Cummings GG, Grau AL. Resonant leadership and work: The value of positive organizational cultures in reducing workplace incivility. Nurs Eco. 2014;32(1):5–15.
52. Ross P, Howard B, Ilic D, Watterson J, Hodgson CL. Nursing workload and patient-focused outcomes in intensive care: A systematic review. Nurs Health Sci. 2023;25(4):497–515. doi: 10.1111/nhs.13052.
1. Rezaee N, Salar A, Keykha A. Nurses' experience of nursing care in the intensive care unit: a qualitative study. J Crit Care Nurs. 2020;13(2):46-53.
2. Salimi T, Karimi H, Shahbazi L, Dehghanpour MH, Hafezieh A, Parandeh K, Eshghi F. Assessment Of the clinical skills of final-year nursing students in intensive care units. J Shahid Sadoughi Uni Med Scie. 2005;13(3):60-66.
3. Młynarska A, Krawuczka A, Kolarczyk E, Uchmanowicz I. Rationing of Nursing Care in Intensive Care Units. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(6):1-13. doi: 10.3390/ ijerph17196944.
4. Bayatmanesh H., Zagheri Tafreshi M., Mnoochehri H, Akbarzadeh Baghban A. Evaluation of Patient-Related Nursing Care with Standards in Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Armaghane Danesh. 2017;22(3): 375-389.
5. Pahlavanzadeh S, Asgari Z, Alimohammadi N. Effects of stress management program on the quality of nursing care and intensive care unit nurses. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2016;21(3):213-218. doi: 10.4103/1735-9066.180376.
6. Aiken LH, Cimiotti JP, Sloane DM, Smith HL, Flynn L, Neff DF. The Effects of Nurse Staffing and Nurse Education on Patient Deaths in Hospitals With Different Nurse Work Environments. Med Care. 2011;49(12):1047-1053. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3182330b6e.
7. Tonna JE, Dalton A, Presson AP, Zhang C, Colantuoni E, Lander K, Howard S, Beynon J, Kamdar BB. The Effect of a Quality Improvement Intervention on Sleep and Delirium in Critically Ill Patients in a Surgical ICU. CHEST. 2021;160(3):899-908. doi: 10.1016/ j.chest.2021.03.030.
8. Ali NA, Hammersley JR, Hoffmann SP, O'Brien JM. Continuity of Care in Intensive Care Units A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Intensivist Staffing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(7):803-8. doi:10.1164/rccm.201103-0555OC.
9. Cimiotti JP, Aikan LH, Sloane DM, Wu ES. Nurse staffing, burnout, and health care-associated infection. Am J Infect Control. 2012;40(6):486-90. Doi:10.1016/j.ajic.2012.02.029.
10. Ulrich CM, Taylor C, Soeken K, O'Donnell P, Farrar A, Danis M, Grady C. Everyday Ethics: Ethical Issues and Stress in Nursing Practice. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(11):2510-9. doi: 10.1111/ j.1365-2648.2010.05425.x.
11. Epner DE, Baile WF. Patient-centered care: the key to cultural competence. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(3):iii33-iii42. doi: 10.1093/annonc/mds086.
12. Sagherian K, Clinton ME, Huijer HAS, Geiger-Brown J. Fatigue, Work Schedules, and Perceived Performance in Bedside Care Nurses. Workplace Health Saf. 2017;65(7):304-312. doi: 10.1177/2165079916665398.
13. Castellan C, Sluga S, Spina E, Sanson G. Nursing diagnoses, outcomes and interventions as measures of patient complexity and nursing care requirement in Intensive Care Unit. J Adv Nurs. 2016;72(6):1273-86. doi: 10.1111/jan.12913.
14. Mitchell M, Chaboyer W, Burmeister E, Foster M. Positive effects of a nursing intervention on family-centered care in adult critical care. Am J Crit Care. 2009;18(6):543-52. doi: 10.4037/ajcc2009226.
15. Cho SH, June, KJ, Kim YM, Cho YA, Yoo CS, Yun SC, Sung YH. Nurse staffing, quality of nursing care and nurse job outcomes in intensive care units. J Clin Nurs. 2009;18:1729–1737. dOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2008.02721.x.
16. Nogueira TA, Menegueti MG, Perdona´ GSC, Auxiliadora-Martins M, Fugulin FMT, Laus AM. Effect of nursing care hours on the outcomes of Intensive Care assistance. PLOS One J. 2017;12(11):1-9. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188241.
17. Merlani P, Verdon M, Businger A, Domenighetti G, Pargger H, Ricou B. Burnout in ICU caregivers: a multicenter study of factors associated to centers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;184(10):1140-1146. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201101-0068OC.
18. Yeşil P, Öztunç G, Eskimez Z, Tanriverdi G, Köse I. An Investigation of Patients’ Perceptions of Nursing Care: Case of Intensive Care. Int J Car Scie. 2015;8(2):412-419.
19. Vincelette C, D'Aragon F, Stevens LM, Rochefort CM. The characteristics and factors associated with omitted nursing care in the intensive care unit: A cross-sectional study. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2023;75:1033-43. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2022.103343.
20. Woldring J, Paans W, Gans R, Dorland L, Luttik ML. Families' importance in nursing care-families' opinions: a cross-sectional survey study in the homecare setting. Arch Public Health. 2024;82(1):87. doi: 10.1186/s13690-024-01314-4.
21. Ausserhofer D, Zander B, Busse R, Schubert M, Geest SD, Rafferty AM, Ball J, Scott A, Kinnunen J, Heinen M, Sjetne IS, Moreno-Casbas T, Kózka M, Lindqvist R, Diomidous M, Bruyneel L, Sermeus W, Aiken LH, Schwendimann R. Prevalence, patterns and predictors of nursing care left undone in European hospitals: results from the multicountry cross-sectional RN4CAST study. BMJ J. 2014;23(2):126-135. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002318.
22. Pereira S, Fassarella C, Ribeiro O. Development and Validation of the “Program to Promote Positive Nursing Practice Environments”: Modified Delphi Study. Healthcare. 2024;12(17):1-15. doi: 10.3390/healthcare12171748.
23. DeRosa AP, Baltich NB, Delgado D, Mages KC, Martin L, Stribling JC. Involvement of information professionals in patient- and family-centered care initiatives: a scoping review. J Med Libr Assoc. 2019;107:314-322. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jmla.2019.652.
24. Joo Y, Jang Y, Kwon Y. Contents and effectiveness of patient- and family-centered care interventions in adult intensive care units: A systematic review. Nurs Crit Care. 2024; 29(6):1290-1302.
25. Garrouste-Orgeas M, Philippart F, Timsit JF, Diaw F, Willems V, Tabah A, Bretteville G, Verdavainne A, Misset B, Carlet J. Perceptions of a 24-hour visiting policy in the intensive care unit. Crit Care Med. 2008;36(1):30-35. doi: 10.1097/01.CCM.0000295310.29099.F8.
26. Fernández-Martínez E, Mapango EA, Martínez-Fernández MC, Valle-Barrio V. Family-centered care of patients admitted to the intensive care unit in times of COVID-19: A systematic review. Inten Crit Care Nurs. 2022;70(2022):1-13.
27. Olding M, McMillan SE, Reeves S, Schmitt MH, Puntillo K, Kitto S. Patient and family involvement in adult critical and intensive care settings: a scoping review. Health Expect. 2016;19(6):1183-1202. doi: 10.1111/hex.12402.
28. Johnsson A, Wagman P, Boman Å, Pennbrant S. Striving to establish a care relationship-mission possible or impossible?-Triad encounters between patients, relatives and nurses. Health Expect. 2019;22(6):1304–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/hex.12971
29. Griffiths P, Ball J, Drennan J, Dall’Ora C, Jones J, Maruotti A, Pope C, Saucedo RA, Simon M. Nurse staffing and patient outcomes: Strengths and limitations of the evidence to inform policy and practice. A review and discussion paper based on evidence reviewed for the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence Safe Staffing guideline development. Int J Nurs Stud. 2016;63:213-225. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2016.03.012.
30. Kane RL , Shamliyan TA, Mueller C, Duval S, Wilt TJ. The association of registered nurse staffing levels and patient outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Med Care. 2007;45(12):1195-204. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e3181468ca.
31. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). (2014). Safe nurse staffing of adult wards in acute hospitals: Report from SSAC sub‐group meeting expert paper 3 National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
32. Maslach C, Jackson S.E. The measurement of experienced burnout. J Organ. Behav. 1981;2(1):99–113.
33. Quesada-Puga C, Izquierdo-Espin FJ, Membrive-Jiménez MJ, Aguayo-Estremera R, Fuente GACL, Romero-Béjar JL, Gómez-Urquiza JL. Job satisfaction and burnout syndrome among intensive-care unit nurses: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive and Critical Care Nursing. 2024;82(2024):1-10.
34. Chlan LL. Burnout syndrome among critical care professionals: a cause for alarm. Crit Care Alert. 2013;21:65-68.
35. Lu H, Zhao Y, While A. Job satisfaction among hospital nurses: A literature review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2019;94:21–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2019.01.011.
36. Moss M, Good VS, Gozal D, Kleinpell R, Sessler CN. An Official Critical Care Societies Collaborative Statement—Burnout Syndrome in Critical Care Health-care Professionals A Call for Action. CHEST. 2016;150(1):17-26. doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2016.02.649.
37. Ślusarz R, Filipska K, Jabłońska R, Królikowska A, Szewczyk MT, Wiśniewski A, Biercewicz M. Analysis of job burnout, satisfaction and work-related depression among neurological and neurosurgical nurses in Poland: A cross-sectional and multicentre study. Nurs Open. 2022;9(2):1228–1240. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1164.
38. Unjai S, Forster EM, Mitchell AE, Creedy DK. Compassion satisfaction, resilience and passion for work among nurses and physicians working in intensive care units: A mixed method systematic review. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2022;71:103248. doi: 10.1016/j.iccn.2024.103660.
39. Liao C, Qin Y, He Y, Guo Y. The Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Behavior Scale: Development and psychometric testing. Int J Nurs Scie. 2015;2(4):334-339.
40. Blanc PML, Schaufeli WB, Salanova M, Llorens S, Nap RE. Efficacy beliefs predict collaborative practice among intensive care unit nurses. J Adv Nurs. 2010;66(3):583–594. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2648.2009.05229.x.
41. Dougherty MB, Larson EL. The Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Scale. J Nurs Adm. 2010;40(1):17-25. doi: 10.1097/NNA.0b013e3181c47cd6.
42. Wu J, Liu Z, Shen D, Luo Z, Xiao Z, Liu Y, Huang H. Prevention of unplanned endotracheal extubation in intensive care unit: An overview of systematic reviews. Nurs Open. 2022;10:392–403. doi: 10.1002/nop2.1317.
43. Yılmaz E, Özkan S. Perceived social support and loneliness levels of patients in surgical clinics. Ege Uni J Nurs High School. 2009;25:73-88.
44. Stewart KR. 2016. SBAR, Communication, and Patient Safety: An Integrated Literature Review, University of Tennessee at Chattanooga, Honors Theses.
45. Recio-Saucedo A, Dall’Ora C, Maruotti A, Ball J, Briggs J, Meredith P, Redfern OC, Kovacs C, Prytherch D, Smith GB, Griffiths P. What impact does nursing care left undone have on patient outcomes? Review of the literature. J Clin Nurs. 2017;27(11-12):2248–2259.
46. Alotaibi YK, Federico F. The impact of health information technology on patient safety. Saudi Med J. 2017;38(12):1173-1180. doi: 10.15537/smj.2017.12.20631.
47. Türkan Işik M, Özdemir RC, Serinkaya D. Ethical Attitudes of Intensive Care Nurses during Clinical Practice and Affecting Factors. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2022;26(3):288–293. doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24143.
48. Kirmayer LJ. Rethinking cultural competence. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2012;49(2):149–164.
49. Betancourt JR, Green AR, Carrillo JE. Defining Cultural Competence: A Practical Framework for Addressing Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Health and Health Care. Public Health Rep. 2003;118(4):293-302. doi: 10.1016/S0033-3549(04)50253-4.
50. Wong CA, Cummings GG, Ducharme L. The relationship between nursing leadership and patient outcomes: a systematic review update. J Nurs Manag. 2013;21(5):709–724. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12116.
51. Laschinger HK, Wong CA, Cummings GG, Grau AL. Resonant leadership and work: The value of positive organizational cultures in reducing workplace incivility. Nurs Eco. 2014;32(1):5–15.
52. Ross P, Howard B, Ilic D, Watterson J, Hodgson CL. Nursing workload and patient-focused outcomes in intensive care: A systematic review. Nurs Health Sci. 2023;25(4):497–515. doi: 10.1111/nhs.13052.