The effect of eight weeks' water exercise on error landing and motor performance in male athletes disposed to injury

Subject Areas : Sports Injuries and Corrective Training

َAli thaer ati Al taie ¹ , Hamid Tabatabaei ²

1 - Ministry of Education, Baghdad
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Sport injuries and Corrective Exercise, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Islamic Azad University, South Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran.

Received: 2024-04-07 Accepted : 2024-06-12 Published : 2024-07-10

Keywords: Exercise in water, landing error, motor performance, disposed to injury,

Abstract :

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks' water exercise on error landing and motor performance in male athletes disposed to injury. For this purpose, 20 male athletes were at risk of injury in two groups of 10 experimental and control groups. Before and after the exercise protocol, all subjects were tested to evaluate the dependent variables. In order to study the functional indices, side to side test, figure eight hope test, triple hope test and LESS error test system were used to evaluate the landfall error. In order to analyze the data, paired t-test was used to study the difference between groups in order to investigate the difference between groups as well as independent t-test. The results of statistical analysis showed that selected exercises in water improve performance indicators and also improve the landfall error in male athletes who are prone to lower limb injury. Therefore, it is recommended to use the exercises used in this study to work with other training methods in order to improve the landing error rate and reduce the amount of damage in those who are prone to lower limb injury.

References:

[1] Tik-Pui F, D., Lam, M., Lai, P., Shu-Hang Yung, P., Fung, K. Y., Chan, K. M. (2014). Effect of Anticipation on Knee Kinematics During a Stop-jump Task, Gait and Posture Journal, 39, 75-79.
[2] Griffin, L.Y., Albohm, M.J., Arendt, E.A., Bahr, R., Beynnon, B.D., DeMaio, M., Dick, R.W., Engebretsen, L. (2006). Understanding and Preventing Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(9):1512-1531.
[3] Baer, G.S., Harner, C.D. (2007). Clinical Outcomes of Allograft Versus Autograft in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Clin Sports Med, 26(4): 661–681.
[4] Cohen, J., Statistical Power Analysis for The Behavioral Sciences (2nd ed.) Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associates. 1998.
[5] Mizuta, H., Shiraishi, M., Kubota, K., Kai, K., Takagi, K. (1999). A stabilometric Technique for Evaluation of Functional Instability in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Deficient Knee. Clin. Journal of Sports Med., 42(2): 235–239.
[6] Lee, C., Paul, C. (2013). Training for Prevention of ACL Injury: Incorporation of Progressive Landing Skill Challenges into a Program. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 35(6): 245-267.
[7] Hewett, T.E., Zazulak, B.T., Myer, G.D., Ford, K.R., (2005). Biomechanical Measures of Neuromuscular Control and Valgus Loading of the Knee Predict Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Risk in Female Athletes. Am. Journal of Sports Med., 33(4): 492-501.
[8] Hrysomallis, C. (2008). Preseason and Midseason Balance Ability of Professional Australian Footballers. J Strength and Cond Res., 22(1): 210-225.
[9] Vaugoyeau. M., Viel. S., Amblard. B., Azulay. J.P., Assaiante. C. (2008). Proprioceptive Contribution of Postural Control as Assessed from Very Slow Oscillations of the Support in Healthy Humans. Gait and Posture Journal, 27(2): 294-302.
[10] Mohamadi, H., Daneshmandi, H., Alizadeh, M., Shams Majelan, A. (2015). Assess in Neuromuscular Screening Effective on Noncontact ACL Injure (Review Article), Kordestan Journal of Medical science,76 (2): 85-105. [Persia].
[11] Myer, G. D., Ford, K. R., Palumbo, J. P. (2005). Neuromuscular Training Improves Performance and Lower-extremity Biomechanics in Female Athlete, Journal of Strength and Cond. Res., 19: 51–60.
[12] DiStefano, L. J. Padua, D. A. DiStefano, M. J. Marshall, S. W. (2009). Influence of Age, Sex, Technique, and Exercise Program on Movement Patterns after an Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury Prevention Program in Youth Soccer Players. Am. Journal Sports Med., 37: 495–505.
[13] Noyes, F. R., Barber-Westin, S. D., Fleckenstein, C., Walsh, C., West, J. (2005). The Drop Jump Screening Test, Difference in Lower Limb Control by Gender and Effect of Neuromuscular Training in Female Athletes. Journal of Sports Med., 33 (18): 378–387.
[14] Chappell, J. Yu, B. Kirkendall, D. Garrett, W. (2002). A comparison of Knee Kinetics Between Male and Female Recreational Athletes in Stop-jump Tasks. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 30(2): 261–7.
[15] Barrack, R.L., Skinner, H.B., Buckley, S.L. (1989). Proprioception in the Anterior Cruciate Deficient Knee. Am. Journal Sports Med, 17: 1–6.
[16] Goldie, P.A., Bach, T.M., Evans, O.M. (1898). Force Platform Measures for Evaluating Postural Control: Reliability and Validity. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilitation, 70: 510–517.
[17] Harter, R.A., Osternig, L.R., (1999). Long-term Evaluation of Knee Stability and Function Following Surgical Reconstruction for Anterior Cruciate Ligament Insufficiency. Am. Journal of Sports Med., 16(4): 434–443.
[18] Lephart, S.M., Kocher, M.S., Fu, F.H., Borsa, P.A., Harner, C.D. (1992). Proprioception Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction. Journal of Sport Rehabil., 43(10): 188–196.
[19] Mehrpour, A. Effect of Exersices in Water on Static and Dynamic Balance Men with Patela Syndrom Pain. Second international spasific sport biomecanic and technologe, 2013. [Persia].
[20] Babakhani, F., Roomiany, S., Khamoshian, K., Rezaei, J. (2015). Effect of Aquatic and Land-based Exercise Programs on thePain and MotorFfunction of Weight Lifters with Patellofemoral Pain Sndrome, Journal of Kermanshah Univ Med Sci.; 19(4): 173-80 [Persia].
[21] Zendehboodi, M., Behzadnia, B., Mazarei, E. (2013). Comparison of the Effect of Hydrotherapy and Pphysiotherapy Methods in Rate of Kneeahce, Matinal Dryness, Daily Activities, Athletic Performance and Recreation Activities in Athletes Men with Knee Osteoarthritis, Journal of Practical Studies of Biosciences in Sport, 1(1): 95-109. [Persia].
[22] Mohamadzadeh, S., Shojaei, F., Zeraati, H., Mahi Dashtizadeh, S. (2007). Effect of Movement Therapht in Water on Pain and Rang of Motion Joint in Pationts with Artrit Roumatuid, Journal of Medical Ialamic Azad Un.,17 (3): 147-152. [Persia].
[23] Yalfani, A., Reisi, A. (2013). Comparison in Two method of Quadrisepse Muscle Exersices in Water and Land on Pain, Prformance, Static and Dynamic Balance in Women with Patella Femoral Pain, Sport Medicine Stady Journal,13: 91-108. [Persia].
[24] Prentice William, E. Rehabilitation Techniques for Sports Medicine and Athletic Training. McGraw-Hill Humanities: 2018, 318-336.
[25] Kim, E., Kim, T., Kang, H., Lee, J., Childers, M.K. (2010). Aquatic Versus Land-based Exercises as Early Functional Rehabilitation for Elite Athletes with Acute Lower Extremity Ligament Injury: A Pilot Study. Journal of P.M. R., 40(2): 703-712.
[26] Malekzadeh, M., Ghasemi, B., Mirnasuri, R. (2014). Effect of Aquatic Exercises on the Motor Performance and the Quality of Life in Patients with Knee Joint Osteoarthritis, Medical journal of Hormozgan, 18 (3): 211-218. [Persia].
[27] Cook, G., Burton, L., Hoogenboom, B. (2006). Pre-participation Screening: The Use of Fundamental Movements as an Assessment of Function-part 1. National Am. Journal Sports Phys. Ther., 1(2): 62-72.
[28] Bressel, E., Dolny, D., Gibbons, M. (2011). Trunk Muscle Activity During Exercises Performed on Land in Water. Med. Sci. Sports Exercises, 43(10):1927-32.
[29] Wang, T.J., Lee, S.C., Liang, S.Y., Tung, H.H., Wu, S.F., Lin, Y.P. (2011). Comparing the Efficacy of Aquatic Exercises and Landbased Exercises for Patients with Knee Osteoarthritis. Journal of Clin. Nursing, 20: 2609-2622.
[30] Hinman, R.S., Heywood, S.E., Day, A.R. (2007). Aquatic Physical Therapy for Hip and Knee Osteoarthritis: Results of a Singleblind Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of Phys. Ther., 87(2): 32-43.
[31] Mohamadi, A. (2012). Effect of Eight Weeks Selected Exercises in Water on Balance and Lower Limb Power in Old Men, M.S. Desertation, Razi University, Kermanshah, 2012. [Persia].
[32] Ortiz, A., Olson, S.L., Roddey, T.S. (2005). Reliability of Selected Physical Performance Tests in Young Adult Women. Journal of Strength and Cond. Re., 19(1): 39-44.
[33] Hamilton, R.T, Shultz, S.J, Schmitz, R.J, Perrin, D.H. (2008). Triple-hop Distance as a Valid Predictor of Lower Limb Strength and Power. Journal of Athl. Traininng, 43(2):144-151.
[34] Padua, D.A., Marshall, M.C., Boling, C.A., Thigpen, W.E. (2009). The Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is a valid and reliable clinical assessment tool of jump-landing biomechanics: The JUMP -ACL study. Am. Journal of Sports Med., 37(10):1996-2002.
[35] Zarei, M., Johari, K. (2018). Predicting Lower Extremity Injury in Iranian Army Rangers using Functional Performance Tests, Journal of Military Medicine, 19(6): 607-615. [Persia]
[36] Walden, M., Atroshi, I., Magnusson, H., Wagner, P., Hagglund, M. (2012). Prevention of Acute Knee Injuries in Adolescent Female Football Players: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial. Br. Journal of Sports Med., 34(4):30-42.
[37] Huang, P., Chen, W., Lin, C. (2014). Lower Extremity Biomechanics in Athletes with Ankle Instability after a 6-week Integrated Training Program. Journal of athletic training, 49(2):163-191.
[38] Griffin, L.Y., Albohm, M.J., Arendt, E.A., Bahr, R., Beynnon, B.D., DeMaio, M., Dick, R.W., Engebretsen, L., (2006). Understanding and Preventing Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(9):1512-1531.
[39] Dai, D., Mao, D., William, E., Garrett, Y. (2014). Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Soccer: Loading Mechanisms, Risk Factors, and Prevention Programs, Journal of Sport and Health Sci., 3(4): 299-306.
[40] Heidt, R., Sweeterman, L., Carlonas, R. (2014). Avoidance of Soccer Injuries with Preseason Conditioning. Am. Journal of Sport Med., 28(1): 659-662.
[41] Nagano, Y., Fukubayashi, T. (2011). Gender Differences in Knee Kinematics and Muscle Activity During Single Limb Drop Landing. The Knee, 14(3): 218-223.
[42] LaBella, C., Huxford, M., Grissom J., Kim K., Peng J., Christoffel K. (2011). Effect of Neuromuscular Warm-up on Injuries in Female Soccer and Basketball Athletes in Urban public High Schools: Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial., Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine.,165(4): 1033–40.
[43] Colado, J. C., Garcia, X., Gonzales, L. M. (2010). Two-leg Squat Jumps in Water; An Alternative to Dry-land jumps. Int. Journal of Sports Med., 31(3): 118-122.
[44] Poyhonen, T., Keskinen, K.L., Kyröläinen, H., Haultala, A., Sovolaninen A. (2001). Neuromuscular Function during Therapeutic Knee Exercise Under Water and on Dry Land. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabilitation, 82, 1446-1442.
[45] Krosshaug, T., Nakamae, A., Boden, B.P. (2007). Mechanisms of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Basketball: Video Analysis of 39 cases. Am. Journal of Sports Medicine, 35(3): 359-367.
[46] Ashton-Miller, J., Wojtys, E.M., Huston, L.J., Fry-Welch, D. (2003). Can Proprioception Really Be Improved by Exercises? Knee Surg. Sports Traumatol Arthrosc, 9(3): 128-36.