Evaluation effect of Cycocel foliar application on active substance and some physicochemical characteristics of Cannabis sativa
Subject Areas :
Medicinal Plants
ali salehi sardoei
1
,
Hamideh Azad Ghojehbiglou
2
,
Saeed Fattahi Siah Kamri
3
,
Iraj Khazaei
4
1 - مربی
2 - MSc. Faculty of Agriculture, Zabol University, Zabol, Iran
3 - MSc. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
4 - MSc, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
Received: 2019-01-12
Accepted : 2021-11-14
Published : 2021-12-18
Keywords:
Growth inhibitor,
Staminate and Pistillate,
Tetrahydrocannabind,
Biochmical Characteristics,
Abstract :
Cannabis sativa L. is an ancient crop with medicinal and industrial applications that is cultivated to use its fibers and is also an effective painkiller. Cannabinoids are terpenophenolic compounds that have only been identified in cannabis genus. In the present study, the effect of cycocel on the amount of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main cannabinoid of cannabis plant, in both male and female cannabis plants was evaluated as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications at greenhouse of Bahonar university of Kerman. The main factors included both genders of cannabis plant, male and female and different concentrations of cycocel (0, 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/l). THC was measured by liquid chromatography and UPLC, and total soluble proteins, total soluble sugars and malondialdehyde were analyzed using a spectrophotometer. The results were showed that with increasing cycocel concentration to 500 mg / l, the amount of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) in the leaves and flowers of the female cannabis significantly increased. Comparing the interaction of genders and cycocel, it was found that the active ingredient of leaves in the female plants had a higher increase than the male plants up to a concentration of 1000 mg/l. The results also demonstrated that concentration of 1000 mg/l had the highest protein content in compare to other treatments in both male and female plants. The content in male gender was higher than the female base up to 1000 mg /l, but at the concentration of 1500 mg/l the female base was better. The lowest quantities of malondialdehyde and other aldehydes was observed in both genders treated with 1000 mg /l cycocel. Overall cycocel concentrations in compare to the control increased the soluble carbohydrates and reducing sugars. According to the obtained results, to achieve the maximum active ingredient of THC, application of 1000 mg/l cycocel in female gender is recommended.
References:
Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R. 2013. The effects of cyclocheles on growth and photosynthetic pigments of two olive cultivars under different irrigation periods. Journal of Horticulture (Agricultural Sciences and Technology). 27 (4): 460-469. (In Persian).
Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R., and Farokhzad, A.R. 2015. Effect of Cycocel on antioxidative activity and malondialdehyde content of Mary and mission Olive (Olea europaea) cultivars under drought stress. Plant Production Technology. 15(2): 121-135. (Persian).
Backer, R., Schwinghamer, T., Rosenbaum, P., McCarty, V., Eichhorn Bilodeau, S., Lyu, D., Ahmed, M.B., Robinson, G., Lefsrud, M., Wilkins, O. and Smith, D.L. 2019. Closing the yield gap for Cannabis: a meta-analysis of factors determining CannabisFrontiers in plant science. 10, 495.
Berova, M., Zlatev Z., and Stoeva, N. 2002. Effect of paclobutrazol on wheat seedlings under low temperature stress. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28(1–2): 75-84.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Campbell, L.G., Peach, K., and Wizenberg, S.B. 2021. Dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa) plants do not express significant sexually dimorphic morphology in the seedling stage. Sci Rep. 11: 16825.
Capriotti Anna, L., Cannazza, G., Catani, M., Cavaliere, C., Cavazzini, A., Cerrato, A., Citti, C., Felletti, S., Montone Carmela, M., Piovesana, S., and Laganà, A. 2021. Recent applications of mass spectrometry for the characterization of Cannabis and hemp phytocannabinoids: From targeted to untargeted analysis. Journal of Chromatography A. 1655: 462492.
Chaohua, C., Gonggu, Z., Lining, Z., Chunsheng, G., Qing, T., Jianhua, C., Xinbo, G., Dingxiang, P., and Jianguang, S. 2016. A rapid shoot regeneration protocol from the cotyledons of hemp (Cannabis sativa). Ind Crops Prod. 83:61–65.
Dhikary, D., Kulkarni, M., El-Mezawy, A., Mobini, S., Elhiti, M., Gjuric, R., Ray, A., Polowick, P., Slaski, J.J., Jones, M.P., and Bhowmik, P. 2021. Medical Cannabis and industrial hemp tissue culture: Present Status and Future Potential. Front. Plant Sci.12:627240.
Duggan Peter, J., Kassiou, M. 2021. Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 74(6):367.
Elbatsh, M , Moklas, M.A., Marsden, C.A., and Kendall, D.A. 2012. Antidepressant-like effects of delta (9) -tetrahydrocannabinol and rimonabant in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model of depress sion. Pharmacology Biochemist Behav. 102(2):357–365.
Fales, F.W. 1951. The assimilation and degradation of carbohydrates by yeast cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 113-124.
Flajšman, M., Slapnik, M., and Murovec, J. 2021. Production of feminized seeds of high CBD Cannabis sativa by manipulation of sex expression and its application to breeding. Front. Plant Sci.12:718092.
Ghasemi, A.S. 2009. Medicinal and aromatic herbs, recognition of their effects. Islamic Azad University of Shahr Kurd. pp: 255. 474-476. (Persian).
Gopi, R., Sridharon, R., Somasundaram, R., Alagulakshmanan, G.M., and Panneerselvam, R. 2005. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics as affected by triazols in Amorphophallus campanulatus. Gen Application Plant Physiology. 31: 171-180.
Haque, S., Farooqi, A.H.A., and Gupa, M. 2007. Effect of ethereal, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol on growth and pyrethrins accumulation in chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Plant Growth regulation. 51: 263-269.
Ivankov, A., Nauciene, Z., Zukiene, R., Degutyte-Fomins, L., Malakauskiene, A., Kraujalis, P., Venskutonis, P.R., Filatova, I., Lyushkevich, V., and Mildaziene, V. 2020. Changes in growth and production of non-psychotropic cannabinoids induced by pre-sowing treatment of hemp seeds with cold plasma, vacuum and electromagnetic field. Applied Sciences. 10(23): 8519.
Jalalvand, A., Andalibi, B., Tavakoli, A., and Moradi, P. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of cycocel and salicylic acid on some physiological characteristics and essential oils of Dracocephalum moldavica under normal and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Production Research. 24 (4): 111-128. (Persian).
Khalilzadeh, R., Seyed Sharifi, R., and Jalilian, J. 2016. Antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to cycocel application and bio fertilizers under water limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interaction. 11(1): 130-137.
Lipson Feder, C., Cohen, O., Shapira, A., Katzir, I., Peer, R., Guberman, O., Procaccia, S., Berman, P., Flaishman, M., and Meiri, D. 2021. Fertilization following pollination predominantly decreases phytocannabinoids accumulation and alters the accumulation of terpenoids in CannabisFront. Plant Sci. 12: 753847.
Lubell, J.D., and Brand, M.H. 2018. Foliar sprays of silver thiosulfate produce male flowers on female hemp plants. HortTechnology hortte. 28(6): 743-747.
MacCallum, C.A., Russo, E.B. 2018. Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. Eur J Intern Med. 49:12–8.
Mansouri, H., and Asrar, Z. The effect of ABA on pigments and tetrahydrocannabinol in Cannabis sativa at flowering stage. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26(1): 82-89.
Mcphee, H.C. 1924. The influence of environment on sex in hemp, cannabis sativa. Journal of Agricultural Research. 11:1067-1080.
Miers, P., Hada, S., and Aharoni, N. 1992. Ethylene increased accumulation of fluorescent lipid per oxidation products detected during parsley by a newly developed method. Journal of American Science Horticultural. 117: 128-132.
Mojadam, M., Sakinezhad, T., Shokoohfar, A., and Esmailipour, N. 2016. Effect of plant density and cycocel on quantitative characteristics and protein barley cultivar south. Crop Physiology Journal. 8(29): 121-135. (Persian).
Movahed Dehnavi, M., Ranjbar, M., Yidoui, A. and Kavousi, B. 2010. The effect of cycocel on the amount, soluble sugars, total protein, percentage of oil and fatty acids of flaxseed oil under drought stress conditions under cultivation conditions. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 3(2): 129-138. (Persian).
Ohlsson, A., Abou-Chaar, C.I., Agurell, S., Nilsson, I.M., Olofsson, K., Sandberg, F. 1971. Cannabinoid constituents of male and female Cannabis sativa. UN Bulletin on Narcotics. 23: 29-32.
Page, J.E., and Nagel, J. 2006. Biosynthesis of terpenophenolic metabolites in Hop and Cannabis. Journal Recent Adv Phytochemical. 40:179-210.
Pate, D.W. 1994. Chemical ecology of cannabis. Journal of the International Hemp Association. 29: 32-37.
Punja, Z.K., and Holmes, J.E. 2020. Hermaphroditism in Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) inflorescences - impact on floral morphology, seed formation, progeny sex ratios, and genetic variation. Front Plant Sci. 11:718.
Rossini-Pinto, A.C., Deleo-Rodrigues, T.D., Lient L.C., and Barbosa, I.C. 2005. Growth retardants on development and ornamental quality of potted 'Liliput' Zinnia elegans Science Agricultural. 62: 337-345.
Sawan, M.Z. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of plant growth retardants and zinc on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of Cotton. Journal of Agricultural Crop Science. 186: 183-191.
Singh, B., and Usha, K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedling under water stress. Plant Growth Regular. 39:137-14.
Somogy, M. 1952. Notes on sugar determination. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 195: 19-29.
Szynal, J., Gordon, D., and Rogowska, A. 2001. Accumulation of reducing sugars in the wheat and triticale seedlings after application of CCC, ethephen and calcium ions.Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie Skodowska Sectio-E Agril. 56: 125-200.
Taghinasab, M., and Jabaji, S. 2020. Cannabis microbiome and the role of endophytes in modulating the production of secondary metabolites: An Overview. Microorganisms. 8(3):355.
Welling, M.T., Deseo, M.A., Bacic, A., and Doblin, M.S. 2021. Untargeted metabolomic analyses reveal chemical complexity of dioecious Cannabis Australian Journal of Chemistry. 74(6) 463-479.
Youn-Ho, M., Yoon Jeong, Lee, Y.J., Cheol, S., K., Mok, H., Huh, Y.C., Chang, J.K., and Park, W.T. 2020. Effect of timing of ethephon treatment on the formation of female flowers and seeds from male plant of Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Korean Journal of Plant Resources. 33(6): 682–88. Bottom of Form
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Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R. 2013. The effects of cyclocheles on growth and photosynthetic pigments of two olive cultivars under different irrigation periods. Journal of Horticulture (Agricultural Sciences and Technology). 27 (4): 460-469. (In Persian).
Akbari, V., Jalili Marandi, R., and Farokhzad, A.R. 2015. Effect of Cycocel on antioxidative activity and malondialdehyde content of Mary and mission Olive (Olea europaea) cultivars under drought stress. Plant Production Technology. 15(2): 121-135. (Persian).
Backer, R., Schwinghamer, T., Rosenbaum, P., McCarty, V., Eichhorn Bilodeau, S., Lyu, D., Ahmed, M.B., Robinson, G., Lefsrud, M., Wilkins, O. and Smith, D.L. 2019. Closing the yield gap for Cannabis: a meta-analysis of factors determining CannabisFrontiers in plant science. 10, 495.
Berova, M., Zlatev Z., and Stoeva, N. 2002. Effect of paclobutrazol on wheat seedlings under low temperature stress. Bulgarian Journal of Plant Physiology. 28(1–2): 75-84.
Bradford, M.M. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry. 72: 248-254.
Campbell, L.G., Peach, K., and Wizenberg, S.B. 2021. Dioecious hemp (Cannabis sativa) plants do not express significant sexually dimorphic morphology in the seedling stage. Sci Rep. 11: 16825.
Capriotti Anna, L., Cannazza, G., Catani, M., Cavaliere, C., Cavazzini, A., Cerrato, A., Citti, C., Felletti, S., Montone Carmela, M., Piovesana, S., and Laganà, A. 2021. Recent applications of mass spectrometry for the characterization of Cannabis and hemp phytocannabinoids: From targeted to untargeted analysis. Journal of Chromatography A. 1655: 462492.
Chaohua, C., Gonggu, Z., Lining, Z., Chunsheng, G., Qing, T., Jianhua, C., Xinbo, G., Dingxiang, P., and Jianguang, S. 2016. A rapid shoot regeneration protocol from the cotyledons of hemp (Cannabis sativa). Ind Crops Prod. 83:61–65.
Dhikary, D., Kulkarni, M., El-Mezawy, A., Mobini, S., Elhiti, M., Gjuric, R., Ray, A., Polowick, P., Slaski, J.J., Jones, M.P., and Bhowmik, P. 2021. Medical Cannabis and industrial hemp tissue culture: Present Status and Future Potential. Front. Plant Sci.12:627240.
Duggan Peter, J., Kassiou, M. 2021. Cannabis and Cannabinoids. Australian Journal of Chemistry. 74(6):367.
Elbatsh, M , Moklas, M.A., Marsden, C.A., and Kendall, D.A. 2012. Antidepressant-like effects of delta (9) -tetrahydrocannabinol and rimonabant in the olfactory bulbectomised rat model of depress sion. Pharmacology Biochemist Behav. 102(2):357–365.
Fales, F.W. 1951. The assimilation and degradation of carbohydrates by yeast cells. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 193: 113-124.
Flajšman, M., Slapnik, M., and Murovec, J. 2021. Production of feminized seeds of high CBD Cannabis sativa by manipulation of sex expression and its application to breeding. Front. Plant Sci.12:718092.
Ghasemi, A.S. 2009. Medicinal and aromatic herbs, recognition of their effects. Islamic Azad University of Shahr Kurd. pp: 255. 474-476. (Persian).
Gopi, R., Sridharon, R., Somasundaram, R., Alagulakshmanan, G.M., and Panneerselvam, R. 2005. Growth and photosynthetic characteristics as affected by triazols in Amorphophallus campanulatus. Gen Application Plant Physiology. 31: 171-180.
Haque, S., Farooqi, A.H.A., and Gupa, M. 2007. Effect of ethereal, chlormequat chloride and paclobutrazol on growth and pyrethrins accumulation in chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Plant Growth regulation. 51: 263-269.
Ivankov, A., Nauciene, Z., Zukiene, R., Degutyte-Fomins, L., Malakauskiene, A., Kraujalis, P., Venskutonis, P.R., Filatova, I., Lyushkevich, V., and Mildaziene, V. 2020. Changes in growth and production of non-psychotropic cannabinoids induced by pre-sowing treatment of hemp seeds with cold plasma, vacuum and electromagnetic field. Applied Sciences. 10(23): 8519.
Jalalvand, A., Andalibi, B., Tavakoli, A., and Moradi, P. 2017. Evaluation of the effect of cycocel and salicylic acid on some physiological characteristics and essential oils of Dracocephalum moldavica under normal and drought conditions. Journal of Plant Production Research. 24 (4): 111-128. (Persian).
Khalilzadeh, R., Seyed Sharifi, R., and Jalilian, J. 2016. Antioxidant status and physiological responses of wheat (Triticum aestivum) to cycocel application and bio fertilizers under water limitation condition. Journal of Plant Interaction. 11(1): 130-137.
Lipson Feder, C., Cohen, O., Shapira, A., Katzir, I., Peer, R., Guberman, O., Procaccia, S., Berman, P., Flaishman, M., and Meiri, D. 2021. Fertilization following pollination predominantly decreases phytocannabinoids accumulation and alters the accumulation of terpenoids in CannabisFront. Plant Sci. 12: 753847.
Lubell, J.D., and Brand, M.H. 2018. Foliar sprays of silver thiosulfate produce male flowers on female hemp plants. HortTechnology hortte. 28(6): 743-747.
MacCallum, C.A., Russo, E.B. 2018. Practical considerations in medical cannabis administration and dosing. Eur J Intern Med. 49:12–8.
Mansouri, H., and Asrar, Z. The effect of ABA on pigments and tetrahydrocannabinol in Cannabis sativa at flowering stage. Iranian Journal of Biology. 26(1): 82-89.
Mcphee, H.C. 1924. The influence of environment on sex in hemp, cannabis sativa. Journal of Agricultural Research. 11:1067-1080.
Miers, P., Hada, S., and Aharoni, N. 1992. Ethylene increased accumulation of fluorescent lipid per oxidation products detected during parsley by a newly developed method. Journal of American Science Horticultural. 117: 128-132.
Mojadam, M., Sakinezhad, T., Shokoohfar, A., and Esmailipour, N. 2016. Effect of plant density and cycocel on quantitative characteristics and protein barley cultivar south. Crop Physiology Journal. 8(29): 121-135. (Persian).
Movahed Dehnavi, M., Ranjbar, M., Yidoui, A. and Kavousi, B. 2010. The effect of cycocel on the amount, soluble sugars, total protein, percentage of oil and fatty acids of flaxseed oil under drought stress conditions under cultivation conditions. Journal of Environmental Stresses in Crop Science. 3(2): 129-138. (Persian).
Ohlsson, A., Abou-Chaar, C.I., Agurell, S., Nilsson, I.M., Olofsson, K., Sandberg, F. 1971. Cannabinoid constituents of male and female Cannabis sativa. UN Bulletin on Narcotics. 23: 29-32.
Page, J.E., and Nagel, J. 2006. Biosynthesis of terpenophenolic metabolites in Hop and Cannabis. Journal Recent Adv Phytochemical. 40:179-210.
Pate, D.W. 1994. Chemical ecology of cannabis. Journal of the International Hemp Association. 29: 32-37.
Punja, Z.K., and Holmes, J.E. 2020. Hermaphroditism in Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) inflorescences - impact on floral morphology, seed formation, progeny sex ratios, and genetic variation. Front Plant Sci. 11:718.
Rossini-Pinto, A.C., Deleo-Rodrigues, T.D., Lient L.C., and Barbosa, I.C. 2005. Growth retardants on development and ornamental quality of potted 'Liliput' Zinnia elegans Science Agricultural. 62: 337-345.
Sawan, M.Z. 2008. Effect of nitrogen fertilization and foliar application of plant growth retardants and zinc on cottonseed, protein and oil yields and oil properties of Cotton. Journal of Agricultural Crop Science. 186: 183-191.
Singh, B., and Usha, K. 2003. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in wheat seedling under water stress. Plant Growth Regular. 39:137-14.
Somogy, M. 1952. Notes on sugar determination. Journal of Biological Chemistry. 195: 19-29.
Szynal, J., Gordon, D., and Rogowska, A. 2001. Accumulation of reducing sugars in the wheat and triticale seedlings after application of CCC, ethephen and calcium ions.Ann. Univ. Mariae Curie Skodowska Sectio-E Agril. 56: 125-200.
Taghinasab, M., and Jabaji, S. 2020. Cannabis microbiome and the role of endophytes in modulating the production of secondary metabolites: An Overview. Microorganisms. 8(3):355.
Welling, M.T., Deseo, M.A., Bacic, A., and Doblin, M.S. 2021. Untargeted metabolomic analyses reveal chemical complexity of dioecious Cannabis Australian Journal of Chemistry. 74(6) 463-479.
Youn-Ho, M., Yoon Jeong, Lee, Y.J., Cheol, S., K., Mok, H., Huh, Y.C., Chang, J.K., and Park, W.T. 2020. Effect of timing of ethephon treatment on the formation of female flowers and seeds from male plant of Hemp (Cannabis sativa). Korean Journal of Plant Resources. 33(6): 682–88. Bottom of Form
