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Manuscript ID : EJMP-2010-1605 (R2) Visit : 104 Page: 0 - 0

10.30495/ejmp.2021.682556

20.1001.1.23223235.1400.9.1.1.8

Article Type: Original Research

Phytochemical and physiological study of Satureja sahendica Bornm essential oil and extract to water-deficit stress

Subject Areas : Medicinal Plants

Hamid  Mohammadi 1 (Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University)
Parya  Pourmohammad 2 (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran)
Saeid  Hazrati 3 (Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran)

Received: 2020-10-18 Accepted : 2021-05-29 Published : 2021-05-22

Keywords: Thymol, Abiotic stresses, Essential oil, S.sahendica,

Abstract :

To investigate the effect of water-deficit stress on physiological characteristics, content and composition of Satureja sahendica Bornm essential oil, an experiment was conducted in greenhouse conditions in a randomized complete block with three replications in 2019. Different levels of water-deficit stress included: control at 100% field capacity, 40% and 70% field capacity depletion. Essential oils were extracted by water distillation and then were analyzed using GC-MS. After preparing methanolic extract, total phenol content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu method. The results showed that water-deficit stress in both levels (40 and 70% moisture depletion) caused a significant reduction of 74.73 and 78.83% of dry weight compared to the control, respectively, but no significant difference was observed between the two stress levels. Water-deficit stress with 40 % and 70% moisture depletion led to a reduction of 18.49% and 30.87% of total chlorophyll content, 13.84% and 25.35% of relative leaf water content (RWC) content, respectively. The content of hydrogen peroxide, malondialdehyde and proline increased significantly under water-deficit stress conditions. The total phenol content increased by 25.78% and 48.44% in 40% and 70% moisture depletion, respectively. The most important composition of S.sahendica essential oil in all treatments included p-cymene, γ-terpinene and thymol; water stress affected the amount of these compounds and a significant increase of 11.47% and 30.65% in thymol content was observed in 40 and 70% moisture depletion, respectively. Based on the results, it was found that water-deficit stress can increase the physiological properties, quantity and quality of S. Sahandi essential oils.

References:



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20. Hazrati, S., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Nicola, S. 2016. Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 106: 141-148.

21. Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125: 189-198.

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23. Hussain, H.A., Hussain, S., Khaliq, A., Ashraf, U., Anjum, S.A., Men, S. and Wang, L. 2018. Chilling and drought stresses in crop plants: implications, cross talk, and potential management opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 393.

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25.Khaleghi, A., Naderi, R., Brunetti, C., Maserti, B.E., Salami, S.A. and Babalar, M. 2019. Morphological, physiochemical and antioxidant responses of Maclurapomifera to drought stress. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 1-12.

26.Jaafar, H.Z.E., Ibrahim, M.H. and MohamadFakri, N.F. 2012. Impact of soil field water capacity on secondary metabolites, phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthetic responses of Malaysian Kacip Fatimah(Labisiapumila Benth). Molecules, 17(6):7305-7322.

27.Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Wellburn, A.R. 1983. Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11: 591-602.

28. Minaei, A., Hassani, A., Nazemiyeh, H. and Besharat, S. 2019. Effect of drought stress on some morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. gracile). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(2):252-265.

29. Mundim, F.M. and Pringle, E.G. 2018. Whole-plant metabolic allocation under water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 852.

30. Momtaz, S. and Abdollahi, M. 2010. An update on pharmacology of Satureja Species: From antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetes and anti-hyperlipidemic to reproductive stimulation. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6: 454–61.

31.McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Autolovich, M. and Robard, S. 2001. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 73: 73-84.

32.Namayandeh, A., Mokhtari, N., Kamelmanesh, M.M. and Bedaf, M.T. 2017. Genetic diversity in Satureja species determined by sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. Journal of Genetics, 96(1): 5-11.

33.Nooshkam, A., Majnoun Hoseini, N., Hadian, J. Jahansooz, M.R. and Khavaz K. 2014. The effects of irrigated and rainfed conditions on vegetative yield and essential oil yield of two medicinal species, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and S. rechingeri Jamzad in North of Khuzestan. Journal of Crop Production, 7(2): 61-75.

34.Omidbaigi, R., Hassani, A. and Sefidkon, F. 2003. Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Essential oil Bearing Plants, 6(2): 104-108.

35.Omidbaigi, R. 2007. Production and processing of medicinal plants, 4th ed. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing, 376 P.


36.Osakabe, Y., Osakabe, K., Shinozaki, K. and Tran, L.S.P. 2014. Response of plants to water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5: 86.36.

37.Pedrol, N., Ramos, P. and Riegosa, M.J. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity and acclimation to water deficits in velvet-grass: a long-term greenhouse experiment. Changes in leaf morphology, photosynthesis and stress-induced metabolites. Plant Physiology, 157: 383-393.

38.Ramakrishna, A. and Ravishankar, G.A. 2011. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling &Behavior, 6: 1720–1731.

39.Sanchez-Rodriguez, E., Rubio-Wilhelmi, M., Cervilla, L.M., Blasco, B., Rios, J.J., Rosales, M.A., Romero, L. and Ruiz, J.M. 2010. Genotypic differences in some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress under moderate drought in tomato plants. Plant Science, 178: 30–40.

40.Sefidkon, F., Jamzad, Z. and Mirza, M. 2004. Chemical variation in the essential oil of Satureja sahandica from Iran. Food Chemistry, 88: 325–328.

41.Selmar, D. and Kleinwächter, M. 2013. Influencing the product quality by deliberately applying drought stress during the cultivation of medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 42: 558-566.

42.Sodaii zadeh, H., Shamsaie, M., Tajamoliyan, M., Mirmohammady maibody, A.M. and Hakim zadeh, M.A. 2016. The effects of water stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 5(15): 1-12.33.

43.Shariat, A., Karimzadeh, G., Assareh, M.H. and Hadian, J. 2018. A promising application of drought stress for increasing product quality of Iranian endemic Satureja sahendica Bornm. Journal of Field Crop Sciences, 49(1): 167-177.

44.Sharifi-Rad M., Varoni, E.M., Iriti, M., Martorell, M., Setzer, W.N., Del Mar Contreras, M., Salehi, B., Soltani-Nejad, A., Rajabi, S., Tajbakhsh, M. and Sharifi-Rad, J. 2018. Carvacrol and human health: a comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 32(9):1675-1687.

45.Sharma, A., Shahzad, B., Kumar, V., Kohli, S.K., Sidhu, G., Bali, A.S., Handa, N., Kapoor, D., Bhardwaj, R. and Zheng, B. 2019. Phytohormones regulate accumulation of osmolytes under abiotic stress. Biomolecules, 9(7): 285. 45.

46.Szabó, K., Zubay, P. and Németh-Zámboriné, É. 2020. What shapes our knowledge of the relationship between water deficiency stress and plant volatiles?. Acta PhysiologyPlantrum, 42: 130.

47.Tattini, M., Galardi, C., Pinelli, P., Massai, R., Remorini, D. and Agati, G. 2004. Differential accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under excess light and drought stress. New Phytologist, 163: 547–561.

48.Tajali, A., Mehrabi, H. and Larijani, K. 2013. Comparison of chemical composition of essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. in field and natural habitat in Nahavand area. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 8: 57-65.

49.Tepe, B. and Cilkiz M. 2016. A pharmacological and phytochemical overview on Satureja. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(3): 375-412.

50.Tátrai, Z.A., Sanoubar,R., Pluhár, Z., Mancarella, S., Orsini, F. and Gianquinto, G. 2016. Morphological and physiological plant responses to drought stress in Thymus citriodorus. International Journal of Agronomy, 20(16):1-8.

51.Yang, L., Wen, K. S., Ruan, X., Zhao, Y. X., Wei, F. and Wang, Q. 2018. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, 23(4): 762.

52.Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, C., Chen, S., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Qin, S. and Huang, L. 2012. Water deficit affected flavonoid accumulation by regulating hormone metabolism in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots. PLoSONE, 7: 1–10.

 

 

_||_


  1. Alexieva, V., Sergiev, I., Mapelli, S. and Karanov, E. 2001. The effect of drought and ultraviolet radiation on growth and stress markers in pea and wheat. Plant, Cell & Environment, 24(12): 1337-1344.
    2.
  2. Aranjuelo, I., Molero, G., Erice, G., Avice, J.C. and Nogués, S. 2011. Plant physiology and proteomics reveals the leaf response to drought in alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Journal of Experimental Botany, 62: 111–123.
    3.
  3. Ayala, A., Muñoz, M.F. and Argüelles, S. 2014. Lipid peroxidation: production, metabolism, and signaling mechanisms of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2014: 360438.
    4.
  4. Babajafari, S., Nikaein, F., Mazloomi, S.M., Zibaeenejad, M.J. and Zargaran, A. 2015. A review of the benefits of Satureja species on metabolic syndrome and their possible mechanisms of action. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 20(3): 212-223.
    5.
  5. Baher, Z., Mirza, M., Ghorbanli, M. and Bagher Rezaii, M. 2000. The influence of water stress on plant height, herbal and essential oil yield and composition in Satureja hortensis L. Flavour and Fragrance Journal, 17: 275-277.
    6.
  6. BaherNik, Z., Rezaei, M.B, Asgari, F., Araghi, M.K. and Ghorbanli, M.L. 2004. Research on the changes of metabolism in response to water stress in Satureja hortensis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, 20 (3): 263-275.
    7.
  7. Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. and Teare, I.D. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39(1): 205-207.‏
    8.
  8. British Pharmacopoeia. 1988. HMSO, London. 2: A137-A138.
    9.
  9. Capone, W., Mscia, C., Spanedda, L. and Chiappin, M. 1989. Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of the essential oil of Sardinian Satureja thymbra. Planta Medical, 60: 90-92.
    10.
  10. Chen, Y., Guo, Q., Liu, L., Liao, L. and Zhu, Z. 2011. Influence of fertilization and drought stress on the growth and production of secondary metabolites in Prunella vulgaris L. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5(9): 1749.
    11.
  11. Claussen, W. 2005. Proline as a measure of stress in tomato plants. Plant Science, 168: 241–248.
    12.
  12. Eskandari, M. 2013. Changes in growth parameters and essential oil content of Satureja bachtiarica Bunge. under the effects of 28-Homobrassinolid and drought stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29(1): 176-186.
    13.
  13. Esmaielpour, B., Jalilvand, P. and Hadian, J. 2013. Effects of drought stress and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on some morphophysiological traits and yield of savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Agroecology, 5 (2): 169-177.
    14.
  14. Fang, Z., Bouwkamp, J.C. and Solomos, T. 1998. Chlorophyllase activies and chlorophyll degradation during leaf senescence in non-yellowing mutant and wild type of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Journal of Experimental Botany, 49: 503-510.
    15.
  15. Farooq, M., Wahid, A., Kobayashi, N., Fujita, D. and Basra, S.M.A. 2009. Plant drought stress: effects, mechanisms and management. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, 29: 185–212.
    16.
  16. García-Caparrós, P., Romero, M.J., Llanderal, A., Cermeño, P., Lao, M.T. and Segura, M.L. 2019. Effects of drought stress on biomass, essential oil content, nutritional parameters, and costs of production in six Lamiaceae species. Water, 11 (3): 73.
    17.
  17. Hasani, A. 2006. Effect of water deficit stress on growth, yield and essential oil content of Dracocephalum moldavica. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant, 23(3): 256-261.
    18.

18. Hadian, J. 2008. Evaluation of genetic diversity of different Satureja species from Iran. PhD Thesis in Horticulture, University of Tehran.

19. Huang, H., Ullah, F., Zhou, D.X., Yi, M. and Zhao, Y. 2019. Mechanisms of ROS regulation of plant development and stress responses. Frontiers in Plant Science, 10:800.

20. Hazrati, S., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M., Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. and Nicola, S. 2016. Effects of water stress and light intensity on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and pigments of Aloe vera L. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 106: 141-148.

21. Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. 1968. Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplasts. I. Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125: 189-198.

22. Hosseini, H., Fatehi, F., Mousavi, Fard, S. and Qaderi, A. 2018. Gene expression analysis of thymol and carvacrol biosynthesis pathway in Thymus vulgaris under salinity stress. Iranian Genetics Society, 13 (3): 409-418.

23. Hussain, H.A., Hussain, S., Khaliq, A., Ashraf, U., Anjum, S.A., Men, S. and Wang, L. 2018. Chilling and drought stresses in crop plants: implications, cross talk, and potential management opportunities. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 393.

24. Hussein, A.H., Said-Al, A., Sabra, A.S., Alataway, A., Astatkie, T., Mahmoud, A.A. and Bloem, E. 2019. Biomass production and essential oil composition of Thymus vulgaris in response to water stress and harvest time. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 31(1): 63–68.

25.Khaleghi, A., Naderi, R., Brunetti, C., Maserti, B.E., Salami, S.A. and Babalar, M. 2019. Morphological, physiochemical and antioxidant responses of Maclurapomifera to drought stress. Scientific Reports, 9(1): 1-12.

26.Jaafar, H.Z.E., Ibrahim, M.H. and MohamadFakri, N.F. 2012. Impact of soil field water capacity on secondary metabolites, phenylalanineammonia-lyase (PAL), malondialdehyde (MDA) and photosynthetic responses of Malaysian Kacip Fatimah(Labisiapumila Benth). Molecules, 17(6):7305-7322.

27.Lichtenthaler, H.K. and Wellburn, A.R. 1983. Determinations of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochemical Society Transactions, 11: 591-602.

28. Minaei, A., Hassani, A., Nazemiyeh, H. and Besharat, S. 2019. Effect of drought stress on some morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. gracile). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 35(2):252-265.

29. Mundim, F.M. and Pringle, E.G. 2018. Whole-plant metabolic allocation under water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9: 852.

30. Momtaz, S. and Abdollahi, M. 2010. An update on pharmacology of Satureja Species: From antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetes and anti-hyperlipidemic to reproductive stimulation. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 6: 454–61.

31.McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Autolovich, M. and Robard, S. 2001. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 73: 73-84.

32.Namayandeh, A., Mokhtari, N., Kamelmanesh, M.M. and Bedaf, M.T. 2017. Genetic diversity in Satureja species determined by sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers. Journal of Genetics, 96(1): 5-11.

33.Nooshkam, A., Majnoun Hoseini, N., Hadian, J. Jahansooz, M.R. and Khavaz K. 2014. The effects of irrigated and rainfed conditions on vegetative yield and essential oil yield of two medicinal species, Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and S. rechingeri Jamzad in North of Khuzestan. Journal of Crop Production, 7(2): 61-75.

34.Omidbaigi, R., Hassani, A. and Sefidkon, F. 2003. Essential oil content and composition of sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) at different irrigation regimes. Journal of Essential oil Bearing Plants, 6(2): 104-108.

35.Omidbaigi, R. 2007. Production and processing of medicinal plants, 4th ed. Astan Quds Razavi Publishing, 376 P.


36.Osakabe, Y., Osakabe, K., Shinozaki, K. and Tran, L.S.P. 2014. Response of plants to water stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5: 86.36.

37.Pedrol, N., Ramos, P. and Riegosa, M.J. 2000. Phenotypic plasticity and acclimation to water deficits in velvet-grass: a long-term greenhouse experiment. Changes in leaf morphology, photosynthesis and stress-induced metabolites. Plant Physiology, 157: 383-393.

38.Ramakrishna, A. and Ravishankar, G.A. 2011. Influence of abiotic stress signals on secondary metabolites in plants. Plant Signaling &Behavior, 6: 1720–1731.

39.Sanchez-Rodriguez, E., Rubio-Wilhelmi, M., Cervilla, L.M., Blasco, B., Rios, J.J., Rosales, M.A., Romero, L. and Ruiz, J.M. 2010. Genotypic differences in some physiological parameters symptomatic for oxidative stress under moderate drought in tomato plants. Plant Science, 178: 30–40.

40.Sefidkon, F., Jamzad, Z. and Mirza, M. 2004. Chemical variation in the essential oil of Satureja sahandica from Iran. Food Chemistry, 88: 325–328.

41.Selmar, D. and Kleinwächter, M. 2013. Influencing the product quality by deliberately applying drought stress during the cultivation of medicinal plants. Industrial Crops and Products, 42: 558-566.

42.Sodaii zadeh, H., Shamsaie, M., Tajamoliyan, M., Mirmohammady maibody, A.M. and Hakim zadeh, M.A. 2016. The effects of water stress on some morphological and physiological characteristics of Satureja hortensis. Journal of Plant Process and Function, 5(15): 1-12.33.

43.Shariat, A., Karimzadeh, G., Assareh, M.H. and Hadian, J. 2018. A promising application of drought stress for increasing product quality of Iranian endemic Satureja sahendica Bornm. Journal of Field Crop Sciences, 49(1): 167-177.

44.Sharifi-Rad M., Varoni, E.M., Iriti, M., Martorell, M., Setzer, W.N., Del Mar Contreras, M., Salehi, B., Soltani-Nejad, A., Rajabi, S., Tajbakhsh, M. and Sharifi-Rad, J. 2018. Carvacrol and human health: a comprehensive review. Phytotherapy Research, 32(9):1675-1687.

45.Sharma, A., Shahzad, B., Kumar, V., Kohli, S.K., Sidhu, G., Bali, A.S., Handa, N., Kapoor, D., Bhardwaj, R. and Zheng, B. 2019. Phytohormones regulate accumulation of osmolytes under abiotic stress. Biomolecules, 9(7): 285. 45.

46.Szabó, K., Zubay, P. and Németh-Zámboriné, É. 2020. What shapes our knowledge of the relationship between water deficiency stress and plant volatiles?. Acta PhysiologyPlantrum, 42: 130.

47.Tattini, M., Galardi, C., Pinelli, P., Massai, R., Remorini, D. and Agati, G. 2004. Differential accumulation of flavonoids and hydroxycinnamates in leaves of Ligustrum vulgare under excess light and drought stress. New Phytologist, 163: 547–561.

48.Tajali, A., Mehrabi, H. and Larijani, K. 2013. Comparison of chemical composition of essential oil of Satureja hortensis L. in field and natural habitat in Nahavand area. Journal of Plant Environmental Physiology, 8: 57-65.

49.Tepe, B. and Cilkiz M. 2016. A pharmacological and phytochemical overview on Satureja. Pharmaceutical Biology, 54(3): 375-412.

50.Tátrai, Z.A., Sanoubar,R., Pluhár, Z., Mancarella, S., Orsini, F. and Gianquinto, G. 2016. Morphological and physiological plant responses to drought stress in Thymus citriodorus. International Journal of Agronomy, 20(16):1-8.

51.Yang, L., Wen, K. S., Ruan, X., Zhao, Y. X., Wei, F. and Wang, Q. 2018. Response of plant secondary metabolites to environmental factors. Molecules, 23(4): 762.

52.Yuan, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, C., Chen, S., Wang, Z., Yang, Z., Qin, S. and Huang, L. 2012. Water deficit affected flavonoid accumulation by regulating hormone metabolism in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi roots. PLoSONE, 7: 1–10.

 

 

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