Phytochemichl and antioxidant analysis of different parts of Citrullus colocynthis L. in different regions from Southeast of Iran
Subject Areas : Medicinal Plantsصدیقه اسمعیل زاده بهابادی 1 , foroogh yousefzaei 2
1 - دانشگاه زابل
2 - Department of Biology, Faculty of science, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
Keywords: Antioxidant, flavonoid, phenolic compounds, Southeast of Iran, Citrullus colocynthis L,
Abstract :
Citrullus colocynthis L. belonging to the cucurbitaceae family, is used to treat many diseases such as inflammation, rheumatism, and diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenol and flavonoids content of different parts (leaf, seed, fruit pulp and peel) of C. colocynthis in Kerman, Iranshahr and Zabol habitats. All plant samples were collected from these habitats during June in 2017. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined by using spectrophotometry method. Antioxidant activity of extracts was determined by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) radical scavenging assay. Based on the results, the most phenol content was observed in leaf extract of C. colocynthis in Kerman (52.19 mg/g DW) and Iranshahr (44.86 mg/g DW), respectively. Most of flavonoid content were in leaf of C. colocynthis in Kerman, in addition, it had the highest antioxidant activity (86percentage). The present study shows the potential of C. colocynthis leaf as a pharmaceutical agent and we hope this study encourage further studies to investigate its phytochemistry and pharmacology.
References
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21.Kancheva, V.D. 2009. Phenolic antioxidants- radical- scavenging and chain- breaking activity Acomparative study. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111: 1072-1089.
22.Karaman, Ş., Tütem, E., Başkan, K.S. and Apak, R. 2010. Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC–CUPRAC assay. Food Chemistry, 120(4): 1201-1209.
23.Kamali, M., Khosroyar, and Jalilvand, M.R. 2014. Evaluation of phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanin Contents and antioxidant Capacities of different extracts of aerial parts of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 6(3): 635.
24.Khalasi Ahwazi, L., Heshmati, Gh., Zofan, P. and Akbarlou, M. 2016. Total phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Gundelia tournefortii L. in different phenological stage and habitats of North East of Khozestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal plant, 4(1): 33-46.
25.Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Jusha, M., Saroha, K., Singh, N. and Vashishta, B. 2008. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. methanolic fruit extract. Acta Pharmaceutica, 58(2): 215-220.
26.Lamina, S., Ezema, C.I., Theresa, A.I. and Anthonia, E.U. 2013. Effects of free radicals and antioxidants on exercise performance. Oxidant and Antioxidants Medical Science, 2: 83-91.
27.McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Autolovich, M. and Robards, K. 2001. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry, 73: 73-84.
28.Miller, M.J., Sadowska-Krowicka, H., Chotinaruemol, S., Kakkis, J.L. and Clark, D.A. 1993. Amelioration of chronic ileitis by nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Journal Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic, 264(1):11-16.
29.Mohadjerani, M. and Saljoghi, S. 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. extracts and their effect on urease activity. Journal of Ethno-Pharmaceutical products, 1(1):53.
30.Ogbonna, P.E. 2009. Yield Responses of Egusi Melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.) to rate of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer. American-Eurasian. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3(4): 764-770.
31.Ruch, RJ., Cheng, S.J. and Klainig, J.E. 1989. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intracellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogen, 10: 1003-1008.
32.Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K. and Nakamura, T. 1992. Antioxidative properties of xanthin on auto oxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40: 945-948.
33.Stankovic, M.S., Niciforovic, N., Topuzovic, M. and Solujic, S. 2011. Total phenolic content, flavonoid concentrations and antioxidant activity, of the whole plant and plant parts extracts from Teucrium montanuml. var. montanum, F. supinum (L.) Reichenb. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 25: 2222-2227.
34.Tannin-Spitz, T., Grossman, S., Dovrat, S., Gotlieb, H.E. and Bergman, M.و 2007. Growth inhibitory activity of cucurbitacin glucosides isolate from Citrullus colocynthis on human reast cancer cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 73(1): 56-67.
35.Yang, F. and Miao, L.F. 2010. Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Silva Fennica, 44(1): 23-27.
36.Zahrani, H.S. and Amer, K.H. 2006. A comparative study on Citrullus colocynthis plants grown in different altitudinal location in Saudi Arabia. American-Eurasian. Journal of Scientific Research, 1(1): 1-7.
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References
1.Amarowiz, R., Pegg, R.B., Rahimi-Moghaddam, P., Barl, B. and Weil, J.A., 2004. Free radical scavenging capacity and antioxidant activity of selected plant species from the Canadian prairies. Journal of Food Chemistry, 84: 551-562.
2.Alirezalu, A., Salehi, P., Ahmadi, N., Sonboli, A., Aceto, S., Hatami Maleki H. and Ayyar, M. 2018. Flavonoids profile and antioxidant activity in flowers and leaves of hawthorn species (Crataegus spp.) from different regions of Iran. International Journal of Food Properties, 1532-2386.
3.Badmus, J.A., Adedosu, T.O., Fatoki, J.O., Adegbite, V.A., Adaramoye, O.A. and Odunola, O.A. 2011. Lipid peroxidation inhibition and antiradical activities of some leaf fraction of Mangifera indica. Journal of Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica- Drug Research, 68(1): 23-29.
4.Benzie, I.F.F. and Strain, J.J. 1999. Ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay: direct measure of total antioxidant activity of biological fluids and modified version for simultaneous measurement of total antioxidant power and ascorbic acid concentration. Methods in Enzymology, 299:15-27.
5.Carocho, M., Ferreira, I., Morales, P. and Soković, M. 2018. Antioxidants and prooxidants: Effects on health and aging. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 2: 25-32.
6.Chang, C., Yang, M., Wen, H. and Chern, J. 2002. Estimation of total flavonoid content in propolis by two complementary colorimetric methods. Journal of Food and Drug Analysis, 10: 178-182.
7.Chekroun, E., Benariba, N., Adida, H., Bechiri, A., Azzi, R. and Djaziri, R. 2015. Antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of two Cucurbitaceae: Citrullus colocynthis fruits and Bryonia dioica roots. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Disease, 5(8): 632-637.
8.Davarynejad, G. 2012. Investigation of antioxidant capacity and some bioactive compounds of iranian pistachio (Pistachio vera L.) cultivars. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 4(4): 62-66
9.Deepa, N., Kaura, C.h., Georgea, B., Singhb, B. and Kapoor, H.C. 2007. Antioxidant constituents in some sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotyps during maturity. LWT Food Science and Technology, 40: 121-129.
10.Ebrahimi, A. and MohamadiSani, A.M. 2015. Application of Gundelia tournefortii L.in yoghurt. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Science, 4(12): 266-272.
11.Gairola, S., Shariff, N., Bhate, A. and Prakash Kola, C. 2010. Influence of climate change on production of secondary chemicals in high altitude medicinal plants. Journal of Medicinal Plant Research, 1825-1829.
12.Ghasemi, K., Ghasemi, Y., Ehteshamnia, A., Nabavi, M., Nabavi, F., Ebrahimzadeh, A. and Pourmand, F. 2011. Influence of environmental factors on antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid content of walnut. Medicinal plant, 1138-1133.
13.Gupta, S.C., Tripathi, T., Paswan, S.K., Agarwal, A.G., Rao, C.V. and Sidhu O.P. 2018. Phytochemical investigation, antioxidant and wound healing activities of Citrullus colocynthis (bitter apple). Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 8(8): 418-424.
14.Hemati, K.H., Omidbeigi, R. and Bashiri Sadr, Z. 2003. Effect of climate and harvest time on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of flavonoids of citrus varieties. Ph.D thesis, Submitted to Modares University.
15.Hernández, Zarate1, M.S., Abraham Juárez1, M.D.R., Cerón García1, A., Ozuna López1, C. and Gutiérrez, A.G.F. 2018. Flavonoids, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity of Propolis from various areas of Guanajuato, Mexico. Food Sci. Technol., Campinas, 38(2): 210-215.
16.Hussain, A.I., Ashfaq, A., Edward, J.J., Fiazud din, A., Hassaan, A.R., Munavvar, Z.A.S. and Shahzad, A.S.Ch. 2013. Phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of various extracts from Citrullus colocynthis L. from the Pakistani flora. Industrial Crops and Products, 42: 416–422.
17.Hussain, A.I., Hassaan A.R., Munavvar Z.A.S., Shahzad A.S.C., Satyajit D.S. and Anwar H.G. 2014. Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad (bitter apple fruit): A review of its phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses and nutritional potential. 155: 54-66.
18.Taghreed A.I., Hala, M.E. and Atef, A. 2010. Antioxidant potential and phenolic acid content of certain cucurbitaceous plants cultivated in Egypt. Natural Product Research, 24 (16): 1537–1545.
19.Jaakola, L. and Hohtola, A. 2010. Effect of latitude on flavonoid biosynthesis in plants. Plant cell and environmental. 1239-1241.
20.Jamshidi, M., Ahmadi ashtiani, H.R., Rezazadeh, SH., Fathiazad, F., Mazandarani, M. and Khaki, A. 2010. Comparison of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of some plant species native to the Mazandaran. Journal of Botany, 2(34): 1-3
21.Kancheva, V.D. 2009. Phenolic antioxidants- radical- scavenging and chain- breaking activity Acomparative study. European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology, 111: 1072-1089.
22.Karaman, Ş., Tütem, E., Başkan, K.S. and Apak, R. 2010. Comparison of total antioxidant capacity and phenolic composition of some apple juices with combined HPLC–CUPRAC assay. Food Chemistry, 120(4): 1201-1209.
23.Kamali, M., Khosroyar, and Jalilvand, M.R. 2014. Evaluation of phenolic, flavonoids, anthocyanin Contents and antioxidant Capacities of different extracts of aerial parts of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Journal of North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, 6(3): 635.
24.Khalasi Ahwazi, L., Heshmati, Gh., Zofan, P. and Akbarlou, M. 2016. Total phenol, flavonoid contents and antioxidant activity of Gundelia tournefortii L. in different phenological stage and habitats of North East of Khozestan province. Eco-phytochemical Journal of Medicinal plant, 4(1): 33-46.
25.Kumar, S., Kumar, D., Jusha, M., Saroha, K., Singh, N. and Vashishta, B. 2008. Antioxidant and free radical scavenging potential of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. methanolic fruit extract. Acta Pharmaceutica, 58(2): 215-220.
26.Lamina, S., Ezema, C.I., Theresa, A.I. and Anthonia, E.U. 2013. Effects of free radicals and antioxidants on exercise performance. Oxidant and Antioxidants Medical Science, 2: 83-91.
27.McDonald, S., Prenzler, P.D., Autolovich, M. and Robards, K. 2001. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of olive extracts. Food Chemistry, 73: 73-84.
28.Miller, M.J., Sadowska-Krowicka, H., Chotinaruemol, S., Kakkis, J.L. and Clark, D.A. 1993. Amelioration of chronic ileitis by nitric oxide synthase inhibition. Journal Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutic, 264(1):11-16.
29.Mohadjerani, M. and Saljoghi, S. 2014. Evaluation of antioxidant activity of Citrullus colocynthis (L.) Schrad. extracts and their effect on urease activity. Journal of Ethno-Pharmaceutical products, 1(1):53.
30.Ogbonna, P.E. 2009. Yield Responses of Egusi Melon (Colocynthis citrullus L.) to rate of NPK 15:15:15 fertilizer. American-Eurasian. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3(4): 764-770.
31.Ruch, RJ., Cheng, S.J. and Klainig, J.E. 1989. Prevention of cytotoxicity and inhibition of intracellular communication by antioxidant catechins isolated from Chinese green tea. Carcinogen, 10: 1003-1008.
32.Shimada, K., Fujikawa, K., Yahara, K. and Nakamura, T. 1992. Antioxidative properties of xanthin on auto oxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 40: 945-948.
33.Stankovic, M.S., Niciforovic, N., Topuzovic, M. and Solujic, S. 2011. Total phenolic content, flavonoid concentrations and antioxidant activity, of the whole plant and plant parts extracts from Teucrium montanuml. var. montanum, F. supinum (L.) Reichenb. Biotechnology and Biotechnological Equipment, 25: 2222-2227.
34.Tannin-Spitz, T., Grossman, S., Dovrat, S., Gotlieb, H.E. and Bergman, M.و 2007. Growth inhibitory activity of cucurbitacin glucosides isolate from Citrullus colocynthis on human reast cancer cells. Biochemical Pharmacology, 73(1): 56-67.
35.Yang, F. and Miao, L.F. 2010. Adaptive responses to progressive drought stress in two poplar species originating from different altitudes. Silva Fennica, 44(1): 23-27.
36.Zahrani, H.S. and Amer, K.H. 2006. A comparative study on Citrullus colocynthis plants grown in different altitudinal location in Saudi Arabia. American-Eurasian. Journal of Scientific Research, 1(1): 1-7.