The effect of fluorescent pseudomonads on the phytochemical characteristics of Reshingari savory (Satureja rechingeri Jamzad.) under field conditions

Subject Areas : Medicinal Plants

Samaneh Samavat ^{1 *} , Mahdiyeh Salehi Vozhdehnazari ² , فاطمه سفیدکن ³

1 - Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
2 - Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran, Iran
3 - موسسه تحقیقات جنگلها و مراتع کشور

Received: 2024-07-06 Accepted : 2024-09-09 Published : 2024-09-16

Keywords: Essential oil, Medicinal plant, Reshingari savory, Field, PGPR, Pseudomonas fluorescens,

Abstract :

In recent years, the use of indigenous isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads to improve essential oils (EOs)’ quantity and quality of various medicinal plants has been considered. In this study, samples were taken from the rhizosphere of Satureja rechingeri plants located in the habitats of Ilam province, Iran. Fluorescent pseudomonads were screened by producing fluorescent green pigment in King's B medium. From the 22 isolates, PF4, PF11, and PF19 were recognized as the superior isolates due to producing the highest amount of pigment and were identified with the help of biochemical tests. The 16-leaf seedlings of savory were transferred to the field two months after planting the seeds in the greenhouse. Each of the two-year-old plants was treated with a suspension (107 cfu/ml) of the superior isolate, by adding it to the soil in a randomized complete block design (n=3). Seven months after applying the treatments, which coincided with full flowering stage in the third year of planting, EO was extracted from the flowering branches by water distillation method. The main components of the EOs were identified with the GC-FID set. The percentage yield of the EO was calculated based on the plant dry weight. According to the results, PF4, PF11, and PF19 belonged to biovars II, III, and V of Pseudomonas fluorescens, respectively. Based on GC-FID analysis, several compounds such as carvacrol, alpha-thogen, alpha-pinene, myrcene, para-cymene, gamma-terpinene, terpinolene, linalool, trans-caryophyllene, beta-bisabolene, and spatholenol were detected in Reshingari's EO. The carvacrol amount as the main component of EO increased from 82.8% in control to 91.7% in PF11 treatment. The percentage of plants’ EO yield increased from 3.02% in the control to 4.4% in the PF11 treatment, significantly (P<0.05). Therefore, the application of efficient and indigenous rhizobacteria from fluorescent pseudomonads can improve the quantity and quality of Reshingari EO under field conditions.

References:

1. Afzalifar, M., Hadian, J., Mirjalili, M.H. and Enayati Shariatpanahi, M. )2019(. Study of androgenesis of two medicinal plants Satureja khuzistanica Jamzad and S. rechingeri Jamzad. Cellular and Molecular Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 31 (4): 458-470.
2. AghaAlikhani, M., Iranpour, A. and Naghdi Badi, H. (2013). Changes in agronomical and phytochemical yield of purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench) under urea and three biofertilizers application. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 12 (46):121-136.
3. Amiri, H. and Ghasemi Ramadanabad, Z. (2018). The effects of salinity on chemical composition of essential oil of Satureja rechingeri. Journal of Plant Research (Iranian Journal of Biology). 31(2): 248-257.
4. Ayer, S.H., Rupp, P. and Johnson, W.T. (1919). A study of alkali-forming bacteria in milk. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bullock. 782.
5. Bashan, Y. (1998). Inoculants of plant growth-promoting bacteria for use in agriculture. Biotechnology Advances. 16(4): 729-770.
6. Bossis, E., Lemanceau, P., Latour, X. and Gardan, L. (2000). The taxonomy of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas putida: current status and need for revision. Agronomie. 20: 51-63.
7. Fallahi, J., Koocheki, A. and Rezvani Moghaddam, P. (2009). Effects of bio-fertilizers on quantitative and qualitative yield of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilela) as a medicinal plant. Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research. 7(1): 127-135.
8. Ghorbanpour, M., Majnoun Hoseini, N., Rezazadeh, S.H., Omidi, M., Khavazi, K. and Hatami, M. (2011). Variations of root and shoot tropane alkaloids production of Hyoscyamus niger under two rhizobacteria strains inoculation and water deficit stress. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 10 (40): 160-171.
9. Graham, D.C. and Hodgkiss, W. (1967). Identification of gram negative, yellow pigmented, fermentative bacteria isolated from plants and animals. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 30: 175-189.
10. Hadian, J., Akramian, M., Heydari, H., Mumivand, H. and Asghari, B. (2012). Composition and in vitro antibacterial activity of essential oils from four Satureja species growing in Iran. Natural Product Research. 26(2): 98-108.
11. Haj Seyed Hadi, M.R. and Darzi, M.T. (2017). Evaluation of biofertilizers effects on growth characteristics and yield of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crop Science (Iranian Journal of Agricultural Sciences). 48(1): 121-133.
12. Haj seyed hadi, S.M.R., KHodabande, N., Yasa. N. and Darzi, M.T. (2002). Effects of sowing date and plant density on flower yield and active substance in Chamomile. Agrobreed Journal. 4(3): 208-218.
13. Hofte, M., Seong, K.Y., Jurkevitch, E. and Verstraete, W. (1991). Pyoverdine production by the plant growth beneficial Pseudomonas strain 7SNK2: ecological significance in soil. Plant and Soil. 130: 249-257.
14. Hugh, R. and Leifson, E. (1953). Taxonomic significance of versus oxidative metabolism of carbohydrates by various gram-negative bacteria. Journal of Bacteriology. 66: 24-26.
15. Jamzad, Z. (2010). A new species of Satureja (Lamiaceae) from Iran. The Iranian Journal of Botany. 16 (2): 213-217.
16. Klement, Z., Farkas, G.L. and Lovrekovich, H. (1964). Hypersensitivity reaction induced by phytopathogenic bacteria in the tobacco leaf. Phytopathology. 54: 474-477.
17. Kovacs, N. (1956). Identification of Pseudomonas pyocyanin by the oxidase reaction. Nature. 178: 703.
18. Lelliot, R.A. and Dickey, R.S. (1984). Genus VII Erwinia, In: Krieg, eds. N. R., Halt, J. G. Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, Williams and Wilkins Co., The Baltimore Vol, 1, P. 469-476.
19. Mac Faddin, J.F. (1980). Biochemical test for identification of medical bacteria. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
20. Mirza, M., Sefidkon, F. and Ahmadi, L. (1996). Natural essential oils, extraction, quantitative and qualitative analysis and application. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Tehran, 205p.
21. Mousavi, Z. (2016). The effect of drought stress on physiological characteristics and changes in the quality and quantity of essential oil of Satureja rechingeri. M.Sc. Thesis. Lorestan University, Faculty of Science, Departmant of Biology.
22. Özkan, A. and Erdoğan, A. (2011). A comparative evaluation of antioxidant and anticancer activity of essential oil from Origanum onites (Lamiaceae) and its two major phenolic components. Turkish Journal of Biology. 35: 735-742.
23. Palleroni, N.J. (1993). Pseudomonas classification. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 64: 231-251.
24. Panpatte, D.G., Jhala, Y.K., Shelat, H.N. and Vyas, R.V. (2016). Pseudomonas fluorescens: a promising biocontrol agent and PGPR for sustainable agriculture in microbial inoculants in sustainable agricultural productivity. Eds. Singh D., Singh H. and Prabha R. 1: 257-270.
25. Rasouli Sedghiani, M.H., Khavazi, K., Rahimian, H., Malakouti, M.J. and Asadi Rahmani, H. (2006). An evaluation of the potentials of indigenous fluorescent pseudomonades of wheat rhizosphere for producing siderophore. Iranian Journal of Soil and Water Sciences. 20(1):133-143.
26. Samavat, S., Samavat, S., Mafakheri, S. and Shakouri, M.J. (2012). Promoting common bean growth and nitrogen fixation by the co-inoculation of Rhizobium and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science. 18 (3): 387-395.
27. Sanchez, B.J., Trinitario, M., Ferradez, M., Angeles, M., Asuncio, M. and Juan, J.A. (2004). Variations in water status, gas exchange, and growth in Rosmarinus officinalis plants infected with Glomus deserticola under drought conditions. Journal of Plant Physiology. 161: 675-682.
28. Schaad, N.W., Jones, J.B. and Chun, W. (2001). Laboratory guide for identification of plant pathogenic bacteria. 3rd ed. APS Press. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA. 373 p.
29. Sefidkon, F., Abbasi, Kh., Jamzad, Z. and Ahmadi, Sh. (2007). The effect of distillation methods and stage of plant growth on the essential oil content and composition of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad. Food Chemistry. 100(3): 1054-1058.
30. Sefidkon, F., Tabaei Aghdaei, S.R., Lebaschi, M.H., Zaeazadeh, A., Noormand, F., Moayed, F., Hooshidari, Ahmadi, Sh., Najafi, A., Mirjani, L., Akbarinia, A., Abbaszadeh, B., Davazdahemami, S., Alizadeh, M.A., Jamzad, Z., Behrad, Z., Naderi, M. and Asadi Sanam, S. (2016a). Introduction of valuable Satureja species for cultivation in different ecologic regions of Iran for vast production (Step 1: adaptation). 9th Congress of Iranian Horticultural Science. 25-28: 1-8.
31. Sefidkon, F., Taebnia, R. and Mirza, M. (2016b). Study of essential oil content and composition of six populations of Satureja rechingeri Jamzad in farm condition. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 32(1): 1-13. doi: 10.22092/ijmapr.2016.106132
32. Shahnazi, S., Khalighi-Sigaroodi, F., Ajani, Y., Yazdani, D., Taghizad-Farid, R., Ahvazi, M et al. (2008). The chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil of Satureja intermedia C.A. Mey. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 7 (25): 85-92.
33. Suslow, T.U., Schroth, M.N. and Isaka, M. (1982). Application of rapid method for gram differentiation of plant pathogenic and saprophytic bacteria without staining. Phytopathology. 72: 917-918.
34. Thornley, M.J. (1960). The differentiation of Pseudomonas from other bacteria on the basis of arginine metabolism. Journal of Applied Bacteriology. 23: 37-52.
35. Totonchian, S. (2011). Qualitative and quantitative study of Saturjea sahendica Bornm. in cultivated condition. M.Sc. Thesis Plant science. Faculty of science, Department of Biology. Tehran Payame-Noor University.
36. Zarepour, M., Abdipour, M., Rahimi, M.M. and Kelidari, A.S. (2024). Effect of application of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and salicylic acid on agronomic properties and essential oil content of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) under drought stress conditions. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 25 (1): 1-24.