Effect of growth stage, drying method and distillation duration on the yield of essential oils in Salvia macrosiphon and Marrubium vulgare
Subject Areas : Chemistry and analysis of natural compoundsNajmeh Eskandari Damaneh 1 , Majid Ajorlo 2 * , Ahmad Pahlavanravi 3 , منصور غفاری مقدم 4
1 - University of Jiroft
2 - 1Department of Rangeland and Watershed Management, Faculty of Water and Soil, University of Zabol, Iran
3 - Department of Range and Watershed Management, University of Zabol
4 - دانشگاه زابل - دانشکده علوم
Keywords: Flowering stage, Phenological stage, Seeding stage, Vegetative growth stage, Dalfard region in Jiroft city,
Abstract :
Genetic and physiological characteristics, phenological stages, geographical habitat locations, drying methods, and extraction durations can all influence the yield of essential oils in medicinal plants. This study aimed to investigate the quantitative and qualitative changes in the essential oils of Salvia macrosiphon and Marrubium vulgare at different growth (phenological) stages, as well as to determine the most suitable drying method and extraction duration using water distillation. The study was designed as a completely randomized experiment with three treatments and three replications. Sampling was conducted randomly across three growth stages: vegetative growth, flowering, and seeding, in three habitats within the rangelands of the Delfard region in Jiroft city. Essential oils were extracted from the samples via water distillation, and the chemical components of these oils were analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS). The results showed that the highest yield of essential oil occurred during the flowering stage, while the lowest yield was recorded in the seeding stage (P<0.05). Changing the growth stage did not significantly affect the quality of the essential oils from either species (P>0.05). A total of 34 chemical compounds were identified in the essential oils of M. vulgare, and 20 compounds were identified in S. macrosiphon. The study found that shade-dried samples had the highest essential oil yield (0.069 mg), whereas samples dried in the oven had the lowest yield (0.02 mg). Specifically, the yield of essential oil from shade-dried samples was 33.3% and 62.3% higher than that from sun-dried and oven-dried samples, respectively. Additionally, the yield was highest from samples subjected to a 3-hour distillation (0.062 mg) and lowest from samples distilled for just 1 hour (0.01 mg) (P<0.05). In conclusion, the flowering stage (mid-May) is the optimal time to harvest the aerial parts of both species in the rangelands of the Delfard region in Jiroft city. The best drying method for these medicinal plants is shade drying, and the most effective distillation duration is 3 hours.
Amin, G. 1991. Medicinal plants and traditional medicine of Iran. Publications of the Research Deputy of the Ministry of Health and Medical Education, 104 p.
Amritpal, S., Herbal, C., and Chandigarh, I.S. 2008. A Note on variation of active principles in Indian medicinal plants and TIM formulations. Ethnobotanical leaflet. 12: 603-606.
Arslan, D., and Musa Özcan, M. 2008. Evaluation of drying methods with respect to drying kinetics, mineral content and color characteristics of rosemary leaves. Energy Conversion and Management. 49(5): 1258-1264.
Asekun, OT, Grierson, DS., and Afolayan, AJ. 2007. Effects of drying methods on the quality and quantity of the essential oil of Mentha longifoliaL. Subsp Capensis. Food Chemistry. 101: 995-998.
Bakhshi Khaniki, Gh., and Lari Yazdi, H. 2009. The survey of essential oils composition in Salvia limbate & Salvia macrosiphon. Biology. 4(1): 33-42.
Barazandeh, M.M. 2005. The Effect of method and time of distillation on the essential oil yield and composition of Eucalyptus globulus. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 21(1): 75-93.
Cirak, C., Radusienes, J., Janulis, V., and Ivanauskas, L. 2007. Secondary metabolites in Hypericum perfoliatum variation among plant parts and phonological stages. Botanica Helvatica. 117: 29 -36.
Dehghan, Z., Sefidkon, F., Bakhshi Khaniki, G., and Kalvandi, R. 2010. Effects of some ecological factors on essential oil content and composition of Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam. subsp. rigida (Boiss.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 26(1): 49-63.
Doosti, B. 2007. Investigating the structure, ultrastructure and development of glandular hairs of Saturea khuzistanica and analyzing the components of the essential oil during the vegetative and reproductive stages of the plant and its antimicrobial properties. PhD Thesis, Islamic Azad University, Sciences and Research Unit, Tehran, 137 p.
Ebadi, M.T., Rahmati, M., Azizi, M., Hassanzadeh Khayyat, M., and Darkhah, A. 2013. The effects of different drying methods on drying time, essential oil content and composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 29(2): 425-437.
Ebn-E-Abbasi, R., and Saedi, K. 2009. Quantitative study of some micro elements of three important range species in different phenological stages in Saral, Kurdistan province. Journal of Rangeland. 3(1): 69-78.
Ghani, A., and Azizi, M. 2009. The effect of different drying methods on quantity and quality characteristics of five Yarrow species (Achillea). The Plant Production (Scientific Journal of Agriculture). 23(1): 1-11.
Ghannadi, A., Samsam-shariat, S. H., and Moattar, F. 1999. Composition of the leaf oil of Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Benth. Grown in Iran. Journal of Essential oil Research. 1:745-746.
Gohari, AR., Ebrahimi, H., Saeidnia, S., Foruzani, M., Ebrahimi, P., and Ajani, Y. 2011. Flavones and Flavone Glycosides from Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. Journal of pharmaceutical Research. 10(2): 247-251.
Habibzadeh, M., Sefidkon, F., and Fatemi, Sh. 2012. The effects of different mesh sizes, methods and periods of distillation on essential oil content and composition of Pimpinella affinis Ledeb. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 28(2): 224-234.
Ibtissem, H. S., Maamouri, E. Chahed, T., Wannes, W. A. Kchouk, M., and Marzouk, B. 2009. Effect of growth stage on the content and composition of the essential oil and phenolic fraction of sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana L.). Industrial Crop and Production. 30: 395-402.
Imani, y. 2005. Investigation on Essential Oil Content of Melissa officinalis during Growth Period in Malekan and Arasbaran. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 21(2): 123-129.
Karimi, A., Ghasemi Pirbalouti, A., Malekpoor, F., and Yousefi, M. 2010. Evaluation of ecotype and chemotype diversity of Thymus daenensis Celak. in Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari provinces. Journal of Medicinal Herbs. 1(3): 1-10.
Kayhani, A., Sefidkon, F., and Monfared, A. 2014. The effect of drying and distillation methods on essential oil content and composition of Satureja sahendica Bornm. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 30(2): 239-249.
Kazemi, F. 2000. The effect of different methods of drying and extracting essential oils on the amount and constituents of essential oils of Roman chamomile flowers of Floraplena cultivar. MSc thesis. Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran.
Majnoon Hosseini, N., and Davazdah Emami, S. 2009. Cultivation and production of some medicinal and spice plants. Tehran University press.
Majrouhi, A. 2009. Research of changes in quantities and qualities of leaf volatile oils of Zhumeria majdae Rech. f. & Wendelbo in different stages of growth. Journal of Medicinal Plants. 8 (29):107-113.
Maric, S., Maksimovic, M., and Milos, M. 2006. The Impact of the Locality Altitudes and Stages of Development on the Volatile Constituents of Salvia officinalis L. from Bosnia and Herzegovina. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 18(2): 178–180.
Martinov, M., and Oztekin S. 2007. Medicinal and Aromatic Crops (Harvesting, Drying, and Processing), 1st Edition. CRC Press, 320p.
Mirza, M., and Najafpour Navaei, M.D. 2016. The effect of extraction time on essential oil composition of 4 genotype of Rosa damascene Mill. Eco-phytochemical of Medicinal plants. 2(4): 23-32.
Mohtashami, S., Babalar, M., Ebrahim zadeh mosavi, M., Mirjalili, M., and Adib, J. 2012. Effect of farming conditions and drying methods on the drying period, essential oil quantity, color and microbial loads of Dracocephalum moldavica L. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science. 43(2): 243-254.
Msaada, K., Hosni, K., Taarit, M.B., Ouchikh, O., and Marzouk, B. 2009. Variations in essential oil composition during maturation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits. Journal of Food Biochemistry. 33: 603-612.
Naderi Hajibagheri kandi, M., Sefidkon, F., Azizi, A., and Pourheravi, M.R. 2011. The influence of different distillation times on essential oil content and composition of Laurus nobilis L. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 27(2): 249-260.
Naghdibadi, H., Yazdani, D., Sajed, M. A., and Nazari, F. 2004. Effect of spacing and harvesting time on herbage yield and quautity / quality of oil in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Industrial Crop and Production. 19: 231-236.
Neffati, A., Limem, I., Kilani, S., Bouhlel, I., Skandrani, I., Bhouri, W., Ben Sghaier, M., Boubaker, J., Ledauphin, J., Barillier, D., Ghedira, LC., and Ghedira, K. 2009. A comparative evaluation of mutagenic, antimutagenic, radical scavenging and antibacterial activities of essential oils of Pituranthos chloranthus (Coss. et Dur.). Drug and Chemical Toxicology. 32(4):372-80.
Nejad Ebrahimi, S., Hadian, J., Mirjalili, M. H., Sonboli, A., and Yousefzadi, M. 2008. Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Thymus caramanicus at different phenologycal stages. Food chemistry. 110: 927-931.
Omidbaigi, R. (2005). Production and processing of medicinal plants. 1st Edition, Astan Quds Razavi Press, Tehran. 348 p.
Omidbaigi, R. 2003. Production and processing of medicinal plants. 3rd volume, 3rd edition, Astan Quds Razavi Press, 397 p.
Omidbaigi, R., Rezalo, A., and Hadi, N. 2009. Investigating the phenology of Angelica archangelica L. in Zardband region of Tehran. The 6th Congress of Horticultural Sciences of Iran.
Rahmati, M., Azizi, M., Ebadi, MT., and Hassanzadeh Khayyat, M. 2010. Effect of various drying methods on weight loss rate essential oil quantity, and kamazolen percent in Matricaria recutita. Journal of Horticultural Science. 24(1): 29-37.
Rezaee, MB., Jaimand, K., Majd, A., and Maddah, M. 2002. Effect of harvesting time on quality and quantity of essential oil from different organs of Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research. 11(1): 11-23.
Sajjadi, A., Emami, A., and Nemati, R. 2000. Composition of the essential oil of Salvia macrosiphone Boiss. Pharmaceutical Sciences. 3: 51-56.
Sefidkon, F., Mirza, M., and Javidtash, I. 2000. Essential oil composition of Salvia macrosiphon Boiss. From Iran. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing plant. 8(2): 126-129.
Shakeri, H., Ghasemi-Varnamkhasti, M., Maleki, A., Ghasemi, A., and Hosseinzadeh Samani, B. (2017). Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Quality and Quantity of the Essential Oil of Tanacetum Parthenium L.). Iranian Journal of Biosystems Engineering. 48(1), 172-165.
Tajali, A.A., and Sadeghipour, O. 2010. Influence of phonological stages on essential oil composition of Stachys schtschegleevii. 4(1): 130-139.
Tavares A.C., Goncalves, M.J., Cavaleiro, C., Cruz, M.T., Lopes, M.C., Canhoto, J., and Salgueiro, L.R. 2008. Essential oil of Daucus carota subsp. halophilus: composition, antifungal activity and cytotoxicity. Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 119:129-134.
Venskutonis, PR. 1997. Effect of drying on the volatile constituents of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) and sage (Saliva officinalis L.). Food Chemistry. 59(2): 219-277.
Wang, L., Li, M., Jin, W., Zhang, Sh., and Yu, L. 2009. Variation in the components of Osmanhus fragrans Lour essential oil at different stages of flowering. Food Chemistry. 114: 233-236
Yousefzadeh, S., Modarres-Sanavy, S.A.M., Sefidkon, F., Asgarzadeh, A., and Ghalavand, A. 2011. Effects of different harvest time on essential oil content and composition of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants. 26(4): 2011.
Zargari, A. 1997. Medicinal plants. Tehran University Press.