Investigating the Effects of Organic and Inorganic Forms of Zinc, Copper and Manganese on the Qualitative Traits of the Broiler Breeder Eggshell

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

Seyede Atiye Mojaverian ¹ , Shahabodin Gharahveysi ² , Mohsen Hajipour ^{3 *}

1 - Department of Animal Sciences, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran
2 - Department of Animal Sciences, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran
3 - Department of Animal Sciences, Ghaemshahr Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ghaemshahr, Iran

Received: 2024-05-04 Accepted : 2025-04-13 Published : 2025-06-18

Keywords: Organic Zinc, copper, Manganese, Egg Shell, Breeder broiler,

Abstract :

One of the main concerns in achieving peak production in broiler breeders is eggshell quality traits, which are very important and effective in the profitability of the breeder flock. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of organic and inorganic forms of copper, zinc, and manganese on egg quality traits of Ross 308 broiler breeder hens. 30 pens were used, and 8 hens and one rooster were placed in each pen. This research was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design. The first factor included organic and inorganic forms and the second factor included zinc, copper, and manganese elements. The number of treatments and replications were 6 and 5, respectively. Eggshell quality traits of broiler breeder hens were measured at weeks 33, 37, and 40. The collected data were analyzed using the LSmeans procedure using SAS statistical software. Organic zinc significantly increased eggshell weight (p < 0.05). Organic manganese improved eggshell thickness and strength (p < 0.05). The use of organic forms of zinc and manganese in the diet of broiler breeders was effective in improving the quality traits of their eggs, therefore, the use of organic forms of manganese, copper, and especially zinc in the diet of broiler breeders is recommended.

References:

1. Park SY, Birkhold SG, Kubena LF, Nisbet DJ, Ricke SC. Effects of high zinc diets using zinc propionate on molt induction, organs, and postmolt egg production and quality in laying hens. Poult Sci. 2004;83:24-33.
2. Richards JD, Zhao J, Harrell RJ, Atwell CA, Dibner JJ. Trace mineral nutrition in poultry and swine. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2010;23(11):1527-1534.
3. Lopes M, Paroul N, Barbosa J, Valduga E, Cansian RL, Toniazzo G, Oliveira D. Effect of partial and total replacement of inorganic by organic microminerals sources on the quality of broiler carcasses. Braz Arch Biol Technol. 2017;60:e17160082.
4. Khoshbin MR, Vakili R, Tahmasbi AM. Manganese–methionine chelate improves antioxidant activity, immune system and egg manganese enrichment in the aged laying hens. Vet Med Sci. 2023;9(1):217-225. (In Persian)
5. Aghkhani MH, Baghani M. Engineering properties of Japanese quail eggs in different levels of dietary calcium. J Agric Machin. 2020;10(1):93-102. (In Persian).
6. Summers, J.D. and Leeson, S., 1976. Poultry nutrition handbook.
7. Zhang YN, Zhang HJ, Wu SG, Wang J, Qi GH. Dietary manganese supplementation modulated mechanical and ultrastructural changes during eggshell formation in laying hens. Poult Sci. 2017; 96:2699-2707.
8. Mabe I, Rapp C, Bain MM, Nys Y. Supplementation of a Corn-Soybean Meal Diet with Manganese, Copper, and Zinc from Organic or Inorganic Sources Improves Eggshell Quality in Aged Laying Hens. Poult Sci. 2003;82:1903-1913.
9. Chowdhury SD. Shell membrane protein system in relation to lathyrogen toxicity and copper deficiency. World Poult Sci J. 1990; 46:153-169.
10. Watts DL. The nutritional relationships of manganese. J. Orthomol Med. 1990; 5:219-222.
11. Wedekind KJ, Hortin AE, Baker DH. Methodology for assessing zinc bioavailability: Efficacy estimates for zinc-methionine, zinc sulfate, and zinc oxide. J Anim Sci. 1992;70:178-187.
12. Star L, van der Klis JD, Rapp C, Ward TL. Bioavailability of organic and inorganic zinc sources in male broilers. Poult Sci. 2012;91:3115-3120.
13. Moreng RE, Balnave D, Zhang D. Dietary zinc methionine effect on eggshell quality of hens drinking saline water. Poult Sci. 1992;71:1163-1167.
14. Divari N, Kianfar R, Mirghelenj SA, Janmohammadi H. Effects of raw and autoclaved amaranth grain on performance and egg quality of layer hens. Res Anim Prod. 2020;11(28):32-40. (In Persian).
15. Mayer AN, Vieira SL, Berwanger E, Angel CR, Kindlein L, França I, Noetzold TL. Zinc requirements of broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci. 2019;98(3):1288-1301.
16. Noetzold TL, Vieira SL, Favero A, Horn RM, Silva CM, Martins GB. Manganese requirements of broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci. 2020;99(11):5814-5826.
17. Tůmová E, Gous RM. Interaction of hen production type, age, and temperature on laying pattern and egg quality. Poult Sci. 2012;91(5):1269-1275.
18. Gheisari AA, Sanei A, Samie A, Gheisari MM, Toghyani M. Effect of diets supplemented with different levels of manganese, zinc, and copper from their organic or inorganic sources on egg production and quality characteristics in laying hens. Biol Trace Elem Res. 2011;3:557-571. (In Persian)
19. Araújo CSS, Hermes RG, Bittencourt LC, Silva CC, Araújo LF, Granghelli CA, et al. Different dietary trace mineral sources for broiler breeders and their progenies. Poult Sci. 2019;98(10):4716-4721
20. Qiu JL, Zhou Q, Zhu JM, Lu XT, Liu B, Yu DY, et al. Organic trace minerals improve eggshell quality by improving the eggshell ultrastructure of laying hens during the late laying period. Poult Sci. 2020; 99(3):1483-1490.
21. Zhang YN, Wang J, Zhang HJ, Wu SG, Qi GH. Effect of dietary supplementation of organic or inorganic manganese on eggshell quality, ultrastructure, and components in laying hens. Poult Sci. 2017;96(7):2184-2193.
22. Swiatkiewicz S, Koreleski J. The effect of zinc and manganese source in the diet for laying hens on eggshell and bones quality. Vet Med-Czech. 2008;53(10):555-563.
23. Maciel MP, Saraiva EP, Aguiar EF, Ribeiro PAP, Passos DP, Silva JB. Effect of using organic microminerals on performance and external quality of eggs of commercial laying hens at the end of laying. Rev Bras Zootec. 2010;39:344-348.
24. Zhu YW, Xie JJ, Li WX, Lu L, Zhang LY, Ji C, et al. Effects of environmental temperature and dietary manganese on egg production performance, egg quality, and some plasma biochemical traits of broiler breeders. J Anim Sci. 2015;93(7):3431-40.
25. Xie J, Tian C, Zhu Y, Zhang L, Lu L, Luo X. Effects of inorganic and organic manganese supplementation on gonadotropin-releasing hormone-I and follicle-stimulating hormone expression and reproductive performance of broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci. 2014;93(4):959-969.
26. Fakler T, Ward TL, Kuhl HJ. Zinc amino acid complexes improve layer production and egg quality. Poult Sci. 2002;81:120.
27. Swiatkiewicz S, Koreleski J, Arczewska A. Laying performance and eggshell quality in laying hens fed diets supplemented with prebiotics and organic acids. Czech J Anim Sci. 2010;7:294-304.
28. NRC. Nutrient requirements of poultry. 9th revised edition, National Academy Press, Washington, D.C., 1994.
29. Xiao JF, Wu SG, Zhang HJ, Yue HY, Wang J, Ji F, et al. Bioefficacy comparison of organic manganese with inorganic manganese for eggshell quality in Hy-Line Brown laying hens. Poult Sci. 2015; 94(8):1871-1878.