Effect of Alcoholic Extract of Artichoke Leaves on Triglyceride and Blood Cholesterol Levels following Inhalation Toxicity in Male Rats

Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biology

N. Khosravizad ¹ , Gh. Vaezi ² , N. Hayati Roudbari ³

1 - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2 - Department of Biology, Damghan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Damghan, Iran
3 - Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

Received: 2018-03-27 Accepted : 2018-08-10 Published : 2018-08-23

Keywords: artichoke, Lead toxicity, Blood triglyceride, Blood cholesterol,

Abstract :

Increased levels of blood cholesterol and triglyceride have many implications for humans and sufferers suffer from high costs annually. This research was conducted to investigate the effect of leaf extract of artichoke after lead inhalation in triglyceride and cholesterol levels in rats. In the first day, 5 groups of 6 male adult rats were contracted except for the control group under the lead inhalation. From the first day, 5 mg of extract gavage in the experimental groups at concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg Mice weight was measured for 10 days. On the 10th day, the blood was collected from the heart and the remaining blood was separated and frozen with triglyceride and cholesterol kits for measurement. In this method (SPSS software, mean ± SD) method and Tukey test were used for data analysis.Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined by special kit after lead inhalation in the blood and after application of artichoke extract, p≤ 0.001 was statistically significant. The result was a decrease in the blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the artichoke leaf extract.due to its high antioxidant properties, leaf extract can reduce blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Therefore, Artichoke can be useful for reducing blood glucose in daily diet.

References:

1. Blumenthal M., 1998. Benefits of artichoke extract on digestion, liver function and cholesterol levels. Natural Medicine, 1(7): 22-24.

2. Borradaile N.M., Dreu L.E., Huff M.W., 2003. Inhibition of net hepG2 cell apolipoprotin B secretion by the citrus flavonoid narringenin involves activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinse, independent of insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation. Diabetes, 52: 2554-2561.

3. Brand N., 1990. Cynara Scolymus L. – The artichoke. Ieitschrift Phytother, 11: 169 - 75.

4. Faber, Organ J. Rare Vegetables for Garden and Table. 1960

5. Flora S.J.S., Mittal M., Mehta A., 2008. Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 128(14): 501–523.

6. Fritsche J., Beindorff C.M., 2002. Isolation, characterization and determination of minor artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) leaf extract compounds. European Food Research and Technology, 215: 149-157.

7. Gebhardt R., 1998. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 286(3): 1122-1128.

8. Grieve M., 1984. A Modern Herbal. Penguin Inc, 2 vols. New York.919pp

9. Hammouda F.M., Seif El-nesr M.M., Ismail S.I., 1991. HPLC evaluation of the active constituents in the newly introduced Romanian strain of Cynara scolymus L. cultivated in Egypt. Planta Medica. Supplement, 57: 119-20

10. Harris E.D., 1992. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes. FASEB Journal, 6: 2675-2683.

11.  Kraft K., 1997. Artichoke leaf extract-recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gasterointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine, 4: 369-378.

12.  Lattanzio V., Kroon P.A., Linsalata V., Cardinali A., 2009. Globe artichoke: A functional food and source of nutraceutical ingredients. Journal of Functional Foods, 1(2): 131-144.

13. Lopez-Virella M.F., Stone P., Elli S., Golwell J.A., 1977. Cholesterol determination in HDL-chol separated by three different methods. Clinical Chemistry, 23(5):882–884.

14. Newall C.A., Anderson L.A., Phillipson J.D., 1996. Herbal Medicines: A Guide for helth- care professionals. Hondon: The parmaceutical press. pp: 36-7.

15.  Pal S., Ho N., Santo S.C., Dubois P., Mamo J., Croft K., Allister E., 2003. Red wine polyphenolics increase LDL receptor expression and activity and suppress the secretion of apo B1oo from human hepG2 cells. Nutrition, 133(3): 100-106.

16. Paris R.R., Moyse H., 1971. Mateiere Medicale. Volume 3. Paris: Masson & C.

17. Phillips R., Rix M., 1993. Vegetables. Pan Books. London. ISBN: 9780333626405. 272 pages.

18. Pittler M.H., Thompson C.J. Ernst E., 2002. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolemia. The Cochran Library, 1: 1-10.

19. Raberfroid M., 2005. Inulin- Type Fructans: Functional Food Ingerdiets. CRC Press, New York. ISBN 9780849300592. 392 Pages.

20. Schutz K., Kammerer D., Carle R., Schieber A., 2004. Identification and quantification of coffeoyquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara Scolymus L.) Heads, Juice, and pomace by HPLC-DADESL/MS. Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 52: 4090-4096.

21. Shadan Ph., 1999. Medical physiology. Volume II Face Tehran, 596 pages.

22. Shimoda H., Kiyofumi N., Norihisa N., Tomoe Y., Toshio M., Hisashi M., Masayuki Y., 2003. Anti-hyperlipidemic sesquiterpenes and new sesquiterpene glycosides from the leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): structure requirement and mode of action. Bio organic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters, 13: 223-228.

23. Speroni E., Cervellati R., Govoni P., Guizzardi S., Renzulli C., Guerra M.C., 2003. Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations on liver complaints. Journal of Ethnopharmacol, 86(2-3): 203-11.

24. Testa R., Bonfigli A.R., Genovese S., DeNigris V., Ceriello A., 2016. The possiblerole of flavonoids in the prevention of diabetic complications.  Nutrients, 20; 8(5).

25. Thomas G.S. 1990. Perennial Garden Plants. Dent & Sons press, London. ISBN 0-460-12609-1 (1990-00-00)

26. Vaziri N.D., Ding Y., Ni Z., 1999. Nitric oxide synthase expression in the course of lead-induced hypertension. Hypertension, 34: 558-562.

27. Viuda‐Martos M., Ruiz‐Navajas Y., Fernández‐López J., Pérez‐Álvarez J.A., 2008. Functional properties of honey, propolis, and royal jelly. Journal of Food Science, 73(9): R117-24.

28. Wadhwa N., Mathew B.B., Jatawa S., Tiwari A., 2012. Lipid peroxidation: mechanism, models and signifi cance. International Journal of Current Science, 3: 29–38.

29. Wider B., Pittler M.H., Thompson C.J. Ernst E., 2009. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. (Review). Journal of Cochrane Database, 7:1-10.

30. Wittemer M., Ploch T., Windeck S.C. Müller B., Drewelow H., Derendorf M., 2005. Bioavilability and pharmacokinetics of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids after oral administration of artichoke leaf extracts in humans. Phytomedicine, 12: 28- 38.

31. Zapolska-Downar D., Zapolska-Downar A., Naruszewicz M., Siennicka A., Krasnodebska B., Kolodziej B., 2002. Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against oxidative stress induced in cultered endothelial cells and monocytes. Life Sciences, 71: 2897-2908.