Analysis and identification of fungal skin infection Caspian salmon () Salmo trutta caspius on farms Mazandaran Province aquaculture
Subject Areas : Journal of Animal Biologyنیوشا علاقمندان مطلق 1 , علی حائری روحانی 2 , محمدرضا زرین دست 3 , محمد ناصحی 4
1 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد علوم و تحقیقات، گروه زیست شناسی، تهران، ایران
2 - دانشگاه تهران، دانشکده علوم، گروه زیست شناسی، تهران، ایران
3 - پژوهشکده علوم شناختی، تهران، ایران
4 - دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد گرمسار، گروه زیست شناسی، گرمسار، ایران
Keywords: Hippocampus (CA1), Baclofen, Phaclofen, Spatial and Non-spatial memory, GABAb receptor,
Abstract :
ɣ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain. GABA is found in all areas and has been implicated in the modulation of memory. Three general classes of GABA receptor are known. GABAb receptors were shown to mediate presynaptic inhibition on some nerve endings and postsynaptic inhibition on some cell bodies or dendrites. There is evidence to suggest that the hippocampus plays major roles in short term memory and spatial navigation and dorsal hippocampal interneurons are related to GABAergic systems, the goal of these experiments was investigation the possible involvement of CA1 GABAergic system (GABA b receptor) on spatial and non-spatial memory. In this experiment, 64 male mice (NMRI) with an average weight of 25-30 g, in groups of 8 animals were used. Mice were anesthetized using the intra-peritoneal injection of ketamine hydrochloride (50 mg/kg) plus xylazine (5 mg/kg) and placed in a stereotactic apparatus. Seven days after recovery from surgery, the behavioral testing was started. Novelty apparatus was used for the assessment of spatial and non-spatial memory retention. One-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey analysis revealed that, sole intra-CA1 injection of baclofen (GABAb receptor agonist) immediately after training (S4),potentially impairs spatial novelty detection and sole intra-CA1 injection of phaclofen (GABAb receptor antagonist) immediately after training (S4),potentially impairs non-spatial novelty detection. In finally the data postulated that CA1 GABAb receptor involved in spatial and non-spatial memory novelty.
1- Bianchi M., A.E. Panerai (1993), Reversal of scopolamine-induced amnesia by the GABAB receptor antagonist CGP 35348 in the mouse. Brain Research Cognitive Brain Research, 1: 135-6.
2- Bowery N.G., B. Bettler, W. Froestl, J.P. Gallagher, F. Marshall, M. Raiteri, T.I. Bonner, S.J. Enna (2002), International Union of Pharmacology. XXXIII. Mammalian gamma-aminobutyric acid (B) receptors: structure and function. Pharmacological Review, 54(2): 247-264.
3- Bowman W.C., M.J. Rand (1980), Textbook of pharmacology. Second edition, Blackwell Scientific Publication.
4- Brioni J.D., M.W. Decker, L.P. Gamboa, I. Izquierdo, J.L. McGaugh (1990), Muscimol injections in the medial septum impair spatial learning. Brain Research, 522(2): 227-234.
5- Brucato F.H., E.D. Levin, D.D. Mott, D.V. Lewis, W.A. Wilson, H.S. Swartzwelder (1996), Hippocampal long-term potentiation and spatial learning in the rat: effects of GABAB receptor blockade. Neuroscience, 74: 331-9.
6- Chen N., J.B. Justice (2000), Differential effect of structural modification of human dopamine transporter on the inward and outward transport of dopamine. Brain Research and Molecular Brain Research, 75(2): 208-215.
7- Coccurello R., W. Adriani, A. Oliverio, A. Mele (2000), Effect of intra-accumbens dopamine receptor agents on reactivity to spatial and non-spatial changes in mice. Psychopharmacology, 152(2):189-199.
8- Davies S.N., R.G. Pertwee, G. Riedel (2002), Functions of cannabinoid receptors in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology, 42: 993-1007.
9- Eghbali M., P.W. Gage, B. Birnir (2000), Pentobarbital modulates gamma-aminobutyric acid-activated single-channel conductance in rat cultured hippocampal neurons. Molecular Pharmacology, 58(3): 463-469.
10- Georgiev V.P., D.I. Yonkov, T.S. Kambourova (1988), Interactions between angiotensin II and baclofen in shuttle-box and passive avoidance performance. Neuropeptides, 12: 155-8.
11- Gluck M.A., C.E. Myers (1997), Psychobiological models of hippocampal function in learning and memory. Annual Review of Psychology, 48: 481-514.
12- Helm K.A., R.P. Haberman, S.L. Dean, E.C. Hoyt, T. Melcher, P.K. Lund, M. Gallagher (2005), GABAB receptor antagonist SGS742 improves spatial memory and reduces protein binding to the cAMP response element (CRE) in the hippocampus. Neuropharmacology, 48: 956-64.
13- Isaacson J.S., J.M. Solís, R.A. Nicoll (1993), Local and diffuse synaptic actions of GABA in the hippocampus. Neuron, 10(2): 165-75.
14- Knight A.R., N.G. Bowery (1996), The pharmacology of adenylyl cyclase modulation by GABAB receptors in rat brain slices. Neuropharmacology, 5(6): 703-712.
15- Lasarge C.L., C. Banuelos, J.D. Mayse, J.L. Bizon (2009), Blockade of GABA (B) receptors completely reverses age-related learning impairment. Neuroscience, 164: 941-7.
16- McNamara R.K., R.W. Skelton (1996), Baclofen, a selective GABAB receptor agonist, dose-dependently impairs spatial learning in rats. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 53(2): 303-308.
17- Misgeld U., M. Bijak, W. Jarolimek (1995), A physiological role for GABAB receptors and the effects of baclofen in the mammalian central nervous system. Progress in Neurobiology, 46(4):423-462.
18- Mondadori C., J. Jaekel, G. Preiswerk (1993), the first orally active GABAB blocker improves the cognitive performance of mice, rats, and rhesus monkeys. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 60: 62-8.
19- Mott D.D., D.V. Lewis (1994), The pharmacology and function of central GABAB receptors. International Review of Neurobiology, 36: 97-223.
20- Nagel J.A., J.P. Huston (1988), Enhanced inhibitory avoidance learning produced by post-trial injections of substance P into the basal forebrain. Behavioral and Neural Biology, 49(3): 374-385.
21- Rezayof A., M.R. Zarrindast, H. Sahraei, A. Haeri-Rohani (2003), Involvement of dopamine receptors of the dorsal hippocampus on the acquisition and expression of morphine-induced place preference in rats. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 17(4): 415-423.
22- Roullet P., F. Sargolini, A. Oliverio, A. Mele (2001), NMDA and AMPA antagonist infusions into the ventral striatum impair different steps of spatial information processing in a nonassociative task in mice. Journal of Neuroscience, 21(6): 2143-2149.
23- Saha N., Y. Chugh, A. Sankaranaryanan, P.L. Sharma (1993), Effects of post-training administration of baclofen and chlordiazepoxide on memory retention in ICRC Swiss mice: interactions with GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists. Pharmacology Toxicology, 72: 159-62.
24- Sharma S., S. Rakoczy, H. Brown-Borg (2010), Assessment of spatial memory in mice. Life Science, 87: 521-36
25- Squire L.R. (1992), Memory and the hippocampus: a synthesis from findings with rats, monkeys, and humans. Psychological Review, 99: 195-231.
26- Yim T.T., N.S. Hong, M. Ejaredar, J.E. McKenna, R.J. McDonald (2008), Post-training CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist activation disrupts long-term consolidation of spatial memories in the hippocampus. Neuroscience, 151(4): 929-936.
_||_