The role of governments in the formation and identification of international customary rules with a look at the opinion of the International Court of Justice in the Yerodia case

Subject Areas : International Legal Research

hadi keramati moez ¹ (Assistant Professor, Department of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law, Toloe Mehr University, Qom, Iran)
Akbar Alizadeh ² (Department of Law - Amin University of Law Sciences)
Mehdi SHAHBAZI ³ (Ph.D. candidate in Public International Law, Faculty of Law, Theology and Political Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.)

Received: 2024-04-22 Accepted : 2024-08-21 Published : 2024-04-09

Keywords: international customary rules, judicial decisions, political immunity, international law, Yerodia case,

Abstract :

Background and purpose: International customary rules are known as one of the sources of international law, which in Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice are among the cases that the Court can consider in its judicial decisions. Therefore, the jurisprudence of the court also plays a fundamental role in identifying international court rules. Therefore, we are going to consider this issue, what is the role and position of states in the formation and identification of international customary rules? Method: This article is descriptive-analytical. Findings and results: International custom is a behavior that governments have repeated and institutionalized over time. But this international custom is recognized by the International Court of Justice. In the case of the continental shelf, the court considers two factors to be involved in the recognition of international customary rules. First. Repetition of the behavior and the second belief of states to perform this behavior. Of course, this matter was considered in the case of the specific political immunity of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, and due to the lack of provisions in international treaties regarding the immunity of the Minister of Foreign Affairs, this matter was considered by the Court under the international customary rules.

References:

- موسی زاده، رضا (1395) بایسته های حقوق بین الملل عمومی، چاپ بیست و ششم، تهران: نشر میزان
- هنجنی، سید علی (1371) تحولات پیدایش عرف بین المللی، تحقیقات بین المللی، 1(116)
- والاس، ربکا (1387) حقوق بین الملل، ترجمه سید قاسم زمانی، تهران: نشر شهر دانش
- ضيائي بيگدلي، محمدرضا (1391) حقوق بين الملل عمومي، چاپ چهل ودوم، تهران: کتابخانه گنج دانش.
- فلسفي، هدايت اله (1389) ماجراي تفسير در ديوان بين المللي دادگستري، مجموعه مقالات همايش نقش ديوان بين المللي دادگستري در تداوم و توسعه حقوق بين الملل، چاپ اول، تهران: انجمن ايراني مطالعات سازمان ملل متحد
- زرنشان، شهرام (1392) شکل گيري و شناسايي حقوق بين الملل عرفي، چاپ اول، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش
- کچوییان، جواد (1388) تحول مفهوم مصونیت سران دولت ها در حقوق بین المللی کیفری، فصلنامه سیاست خارجی، 23(4)
- محمودی، سید هادی، ستایش پور، محمد (1397) گذر از زمان در ایجاد قاعده حقوق بين الملل عرفي: واکاوي انگاره هاي حقوقي و رويه ديوان بين المللي دادگستري، حقوق تطبیقی، 15(1)
- Manin, ph. (1979) Droit international public, Paris, Masson
- Merkouris, Panos (2022), Kammerhofer, Jörg; Arajärvi, Noora; Merkouris, Panos (eds.), "Interpreting Customary International Law: You'll Never Walk Alone", The Theory, Practice, and Interpretation of Customary International Law, Cambridge University Press.
- Brownlie, Ian (2003). Public International Law, 6th edn, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
- Yoram Dinstein (2004) The Conduct of Hostilities under the Law of International Armed Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Orakhelashvili, Alexander (2018). Akehurst's Modern Introduction to International Law. Routledge
- Parisi, F. (2004). Customary Law. In: Rowley, C.K., Schneider, F. (eds) The Encyclopedia of Public Choice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-47828
- Ryngaert, Cedric M. J, Hora Siccama, Duco W. (2018) Ascertaining Customary International Law: An Inquiry into the Methods Used by Domestic Courts, Netherlands International Law Review, 65.
- Talmon, s. (2015) Induction is being understood as a method of inferring the customary norm from an iterative process of state practice and opinio juris. Deduction infers a specific customary norm (e.g., immunity from jurisdiction) from a more general principle (e.g., the principle of sovereign equality). Assertion means that the ICJ neither uses inductive nor deductive reasoning, but simply asserts customary international law.
- Škrbić, Ajla (2019) Immunity of Heads of State under Constitutional Law, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Comparative Constitutional Law.
- Kunz, Josef L. (1953). “The Nature of Customary International Law”, American Journal of International Law
- Joyner, Daniel H. (2018) Why I Stopped Believing in Customary International Law, Published online by Cambridge University Press.