An analytical investigation of the concept and nature of the intellectual virtues with focus on Zagzebskys views

Subject Areas : Epistemological researches

farkhunde disnad ¹ , seyed jalal hashemi ² , seyed mansur mareeshi ³ , masoud safaeimoghadam ⁴

1 - شهیدچمران اهواز
2 - شهید چمران اهواز
3 - شهید چمران اهواز
4 - Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz

Received: 2019-07-09 Accepted : 2019-09-22 Published : 2020-08-22

Keywords: "epistemic reliability", "epistemic responsibillism", "Intellectual Virtues",

Abstract :

controlled Intellectual virtues are stable traits of human ego, achievement of the knowledge of world, intellectual habits and attitudes., Virtue epistemologists believe that the epistemic status of a belief is dependent upon certain characteristics of the agent (intellectual virtues), and it is only through the application of intellectual virtues that truth is achieved in the epistemic process. However there is no consensus among virtue epistemologists regarding the general nature of the intellectual virtues. While some scholars such as Sosa consider these Virtues to be a kind of innater competence and cognitive talents, , other scholars such as Zagzebsky view intellectual virtues as intellectual character traits and a subset of moral virtues. Using an analytical approach this study set out to investigate the nature of intellectual virtues from both perspectives. While epistemic reliablism consider intellectual virtues as a kind of innate skill or cognitive faculty enabling individual to be epistemologically efficient, analyses suggest that so far as the concept of praise is deemed necessary in the epistemic analysis of the agents, and so far as the achievement and expansion of avirtue is considered out of control of the epistemic agent, it would be a better option to reject the understanding of intellectual virtues as skilles and innate cognitive faculties, and accept that the character- based approach provide a batter account of the nature of intellectual virtues by considering motive and reliability as two essential criteria for the presence of these virtues, that are admirable charater traits sufficiently by the agent.

References:

 ارسطو.(۱۳۷۷). اخلاق نیکوماخوس، ترجمه­ی محمد حسن لطفی، تهران:  انتشارات طرح نو.

پینکافس، ادموند .(۱۳۸۲). از مسئله­محوری تا فضیلت­گرایی.  ترجمه­ی حمید رضا حسنی و مهدی علیپور ، با مقدمه­ای از محمد لگنهاوسن. قم: انتشارات دفتر نشر معارف.

زگزبسکی، لیندا .(۱۹۹۶) . فضایل ذهن (تحقیقی در ماهیت فضیلت و مبانی اخلاقی معرفت)، ترجمه­ی امیرحسین خداپرست، تهران: انتشارات کرگدن.

کانت، ایمانوئل .(۱۳۷۹). مابعدالطبیعه­ اخلاق: مبانی مابعد الطبیعی تعلیم فضیلت. ترجمه­ی منوچهر صانعی دره­بیدی، تهران: انتشارات نقش و نگار.

 

Adams, Robert Merrihew .(2006). A Theory of virtue, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Baehr, Jason .(2013). Education for intellectual virtues From theory to practice, Journal of Philosofiphy of Education, Vol, 47, No. 2.

………………… .(2002). The epistemological Role of the Intellectual Virtues A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, University of Washington.

Dewey, John. (1933) .How We Think?, Boston, D.C Heath & Co as cited in Zagzebski, Virtues of the Mind, pp,245-246.

Driver, Julia  .(2003). The Conflation of Moral and Epistemic Virtue Metaphilosophy 34,no.

Goldman, Alvin. (1992). Liaissons,Philosophy Meets the Cognitive and Social Sciences, Cambridge, MIT Press.

Greco, John. (1999). Virtue Epistemology, in Blackwell Companions to Epistemology, ed. by, Jonathan Dancy, Ernest Sosa and Matthias Steup, Blackwell Publishers Ltd.

Gomer, Jeremy Vethan .(2015). Intellectual Virtue and Human Flourishing: An Explanation of the Intrinsic value of the Intellectual Virtue, A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, University of California, San Diego.

Montmarquet, James .(1993). Epistemic Virtue and Doxastic Responsibility. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.

Moros, Enrique and Richard Umbers .(2004). Distinguishing Virtues from faculties in Virtue Epistemology. The Southern Journal of philosophy. Vol.42

Sosa, Ernest .(1988). knowledge in context. Skepticism in Doubt, Philosophical perspectives,vol.2

……………….,.(1991). Reliabilism and Intellectual Virtue, in Knowledge in Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hume,Daivid. (1983). An Enquiry Concerning the principles of Morals, Indianapolis, Hackett Publishing.

 Hobbes, Thomas .(1984). Leviathan, New York, Macmillan, Library of Liberal Arts.

Kvanvig, Jonathan.(1992). The Intellectual Virtues and The life of The mind (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield).

Leonard, David Henry .(2010). Intellectual Virtue and Epistemic Praise: Tow Arods an Internalist Virtue Epistemology, A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy, University of Arkansas.

Lepock, Christopher. (2007). Metacognition and intellectual virtue, A thesis submitted to the faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, Department of Philosophy, Edmonton, Alberta

Locke, John. (1996). An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding, ed. Kenneth Winkler, Indianapolis, Hackett.

Zagzebski, Linda .(1996). Virtues of the mind: an inquiry into the nature of virtue and the ethical foundations of knowledge,Loyola Marymount University.

Zagzebski, Linda .(2009). The Virtues of God and the Foundations of Ethics, in Linda Zagzebski and Timothy D Miller, Readings in Philosophy of Religion , Wiley Blackwell.

Zagzebski, Linda .(2006). Admirable life and Desirable life, New York, Oxfor University press.