@article{
  author = {},
  title = { Confronting Modern Civilization: The Challenges of the First Generation of Iranian Intellectuals—A Typological Study in the Context of Intellectual History},
  journal = {The Journal of Islamic History and Civilisation},
  year = {2025},
  volume = {21},
  issue = {51},
  pages = {159-184},
  doi = {},
  url = {https://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Article/1219653}
}