%0 Journal Article
%A عبداللهی, علیرضا
%T Timbuktu, in what is now Mali, has been a symbol of Islamic culture and  civilization in West Africa for centuries
%J The Journal of Islamic History and Civilisation
%V 21
%N 3
%P 77-96
%D 2025
%R https://doi.org/10.71871/jhcin.2025.1214893
%U https://sanad.iau.ir/fa/Article/1204893