An Enhanced Routing Algorithm in Smart IoT Networks with Mobile Nodes

Subject Areas : Computer networks and security

Zakieh Sharifian ¹ , Behrang Barekatain ² , Alfonso Ariza Quinatna ³ , Zahra Beheshti ⁴ , Faramarz Safi-Esfahani ⁵

1 - Faculty of Computer Engineering- Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
2 - Big Data Research Center- Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
3 - Faculty of Telecommunication Engineering- University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain
4 - Big Data Research Center- Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran
5 - Faculty of Computer Engineering- Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran

Received: 2023-02-18 Accepted : 2023-04-23 Published : 2025-09-23

Keywords: End to end delay, internet of things, packet delivery rate, quality of service, routing protocol, smart grid,

Abstract :

The internet of things (IoT) faces various challenges due to its different characteristics and due to the nov­elty of related technologies and standards. The existence of these different and at the same time new problems has drawn the attention of many scientific researchers toward this new technology. One of the most important and fundamental challenges is related to the topic of routing protocols in static and mobile networks, and more precisely, optimizing and improving the quality of service of it. In this work, a novel flexible, scalable, and efficient routing protocol named MLOADng-AT (mobile lightwe­ig­ht on-demand ad hoc distance vector routing protocol– analytic hierarchy process echnique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution) has been introduced to overcome the routing challenges in mobile scenarios. Using MLOADng-AT, firstly, taking advantage of the HELLO message, infor­mation about link quality parameters and mobility characteristics up to two hops is exchanged among static and mobile nodes. Moreover, it supports an error recovery path without rerunning a new routing process that noticeably decreases the network routing delay. MLOADng-AT can be easily adapted to any quality of service (QoS) parameter with very low complexity which is very important for a delay-sensitive IoT-based network. Finally, in case of noisy conditions especially for mobile networks, the proposed protocol can be efficiently used in low-quality links. Simulation results based on several scenarios depicted that end-to-end delay (EED) and packet delivery ratio (PDR) parameters significantly improved in the proposed method compared to other similar methods. For the area with dimensions of 400 x 200 m², the obtained values of the EED and PDR parameters are respectively 0.0011 seconds and 98.47%, and also for the scenarios implemented in the area of 800 x 400 m², the achieved results of the EED and PDR parameters are respectively 0.0059 seconds and 86.167%.

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