Green Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic (Ag-Cu) Nanoparticles from Leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia (Hackberry) and it’s Antimicrobial Activity
Subject Areas : Journal of Nanoanalysis
Nasiru Yahaya
1
,
Wilson Lamayi
2
,
Sulaiman Muhahammad
3
1 - Department of Chemistry
Gombe State University
2 - Chemistry department, Faculty of Science, Gombe University, Nigeria.
3 - Department of Chemistry Gombe Sate University
Keywords: Antimicrobial Activity, Bimetallic Nanoparticles, Celtis integrifolia,
Abstract :
The (Ag-Cu) bimetallic nanoparticles was synthesized from the leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia using the silver nitrate (AgNO3) copper chloride (CuCl2) as a metal precursors. The synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles was characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, the celtis extract shows highest peak at 300nm due to plasma vibration and excitation of bio reduction capping agent Ag-CuNPs shows peak at 300nm which is due to surface Plasmon vibration, indicating the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles due to the excitation of the surface Plasmon vibration and phytochemical constituent present in the extract. FT-IR identify the functional groups present, SEM shows the morphology of the bimetallic Ag-CuNPs is partially merely crystalline and spherical in nature. XRD analysis of Ag-CuNPs showed face centered cubic structure (FCC) with average particle size of 54.42. The (Ag-CuNPs) bimetallic nanoparticles shows significant antibacterial and anti-fungal activity when tested against Escherichia-coli, pseudomonas aureginosa (Gram-negative), staphylococcus aures, Klebsella Pneumonia (Gram-positive) bacteria’s and two fungi Aspagillus niger and Candida using Augomentine and Fulcin as control drugs.
[1] Min Y., Fang L., Tingting Z., Jianjun Z., Chuanbo D., Ali F., Vinod K. G. “Biosynthesis of nano bimetallic Ag/Pt alloy from Crocus sativus L. extract: Biological efficacy and catalytic activity” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 2020, 212, 112025
[2] Guojun Z., Hongmei Z., Ming S., Lei W., Xiaosan W. “Green synthesis and characterization of Au@Pt core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles using gallic acid” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2015, 81, 79-87
[3] Gisela Manuela de F. B., Juliana D., Luis A. Z. T., Valcineide O. de A. T., Carlos R. S. “Green biosynthesis of single and bimetallic nanoparticles of iron and manganese using bacterial auxin complex to act as plant bio-fertilizer” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2020, 30, 101822
[4] Nasiru Y. P., Adamu A., Wilson L. D., Usman Y. M. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles from the Leaf Extract of Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany) and its Antimicrobial Activity”, Letters in Applied Nano Bioscience, 2023, 12 (3) 86
[5] Muhammad I, Khan, M. I., Shahid A. K., Mughal Q., Murad A. K., Yasir A., Kalsoom A., Abdullah M. A., Sher B. K. “Green synthesis of antibacterial bimetallic Ag–Cu nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of persistent organic pollutants” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2018, 29, 20840–20855.
[6] Nasiru P. Y., Abdulsalam U., Yakong D. M., Adamu A. “Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Study of the Adsorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution using Psidium Guajava (Guava) Leaves” Chemical Science & Engineering Research, 2022, 4(10), 9-16.
[7] Nasiru Y. P., Khadija A. Y., Adamu A., Yakong D. M. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt, Iron and Cop-per Nanoparticles Derived from the Stem-Bark Extract of Khaya Senegalensis (Mahogany) and Its Antimirobial Activity” Online Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 1, 1-13 DOI: 10.31586/ojc.2022.158
[8] Tooba M., Vikas S., Rajesh S.T. “Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and its Applications: A Review” Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, 2017, 9(2), 102-110
[9] Anarado, C. E., Chukwubueze, F. M., Anarado, C. J. O., Umedum, N. L. and Nwanya, C. B. “Comparative Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant screening of the Root and Stem Bark of Annona muricata Linn”. International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 2020, 21(8): 48-61.
[10] Ezekiel, J. S. “Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Cytotoxicity of Stem Bark Extracts of Celtis integrifolia L. (Cannabaceae)” J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2018, 10(8) 137-142.
[11] Mahre, M. B., Umaru, B., Ojo, N. A., Saidu, A. S., Yahi, D., Ibrahim, R. M. and Mshelbwala, P. P. “Acute Toxicity, Photochemistry and Anti-diarrheal Effects of Celtis integrifolia Lam. Aqueous Leaf Extract in Wistar Albino Rats”. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 14(5): 1-7.
[12] Ahmed, S. A., Nasiru P.Y., Fanna I. A., Jaime A. T. and Lawan B. B. “Anti-Diarrheal Effects of Aqueous leaf Extract of Holarrhena Floribunda (G.DON) Schinz andDur in Rats” International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2012, 4(1), 52-54.
[13] Preeti, R. (2017) “Green-synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their characterization and microbial potential” PhD. Thesis (unpublished) submitted to the department of molecular and cellular engineering. Jacob institute of biotechnology and bioengineering samhiggin Bottom University of Agriculture, Technology and such as Allahabad-211007.u.p India
[14] Igwe, O.U. and Ekebo, E.S. “Bio fabrication of cobalt nanoparticles using leaf extract of chromolaena odorata and their potential antibacterial application” Research Journal of Chemical Science, 2018, 8 (1) 11-17.
[15] Shailesh, K.C., Kokila P. A. and Tessy. E. “Green synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Elytraria a caulis’ plant root extract and its antimicrobial activity" International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry, 2018, 7 (3) 598- 609.
[16] Zaccheus, S., Danbature, W.L., Maisanda, A., S. and Musa, M. S. “synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of Kaolin gum Arabic nanocomposite on Escherichia-coli and pseudomonas aureginosa’ Research journal of nanoscience and engineering, 2018, 2 (2), 23-29.
[17] Wilson L. D., Yoro M., Nasiru Y. P., Zaccheus S. “Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of Mag-netic Iron Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Biodiesel Production from Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) Seed Oil”. Online Journal of Chemistry, 2021, 1, 85-94
[18] Ashishie, P. B., Chinyere, A., Anyema, A. A., Charles, O., Oseghale, E. T. A and Ayomide, H. L. ‘Green synthesis of silver monometallic and copper- silver bimetallic nanoparticles using kigelia African fruit extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities international journal of physical sciences, 2017, 3, 24- 32
[19] Flora, P. Siva, K., Rajini S., Ashok, K., Jayaprakash, P. and Rajesh, S. “Green synthesis of silver nanopsiticles from propolis”. Research Journal of Life Science, Bio in Formats, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2011, 4 (4) 23 – 36.
[20] Wali, M., Sajjad, A. S., Sumaira, S., Muhammad, N., Safina, H. and Muhammad, J. “Green Synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their Characterization using plant extract of papaver somniferum”An Indian journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 2017, 11 (2) 1-7.
[21] Fatemeh, B., Alireza, A. and Sayed, A., H. “Green synthesis characterization and antimicrobial activity of silver nanoparticles from root extract of tapidium draba weed” Green Chemistry Letter and Reviews, 2017, 10 (4), 324-330.
[22] Ocheil, j. A. ‘Medical laboratory science Theory and practice’. Department of microbiology, College of Medicine Sultan Qaboos University Muscat., 2007, 646-656.
J. Nanoanalysis., 10(1): 419-428, Winter 2023
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic (Ag-Cu) Nanoparticles from Leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia (Hackberry) and its Antimicrobial Activity
Nasiru Pindiga Yahaya*, 1, Wilson Danbature Lamayi 1, Suleiman Mohammed Bawaji 1
1 Department of Chemistry Gombe State University, Gombe Nigeria
ARTICLE INFO Article History: Received 2022-03-25 Accepted 2022-08-06 Published 2023-02-15
Keywords: Celtis integrifolia, Bimetallic Nanoparticles, Antimicrobial Activity. | ABSTRACT
The (Ag-Cu) bimetallic nanoparticles were synthesized from the leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia using the silver nitrate (AgNO3) copper chloride (CuCl2) as metal precursors. The synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, the Celtis extract shows highest peak at 300nm due to plasma vibration and excitation of bio reduction capping agent Ag-CuNPs that shows peak at 300nm which is due to surface Plasmon vibration, indicating the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles due to the excitation of the surface Plasmon vibration and phytochemical constituent present in the extract. FT-IR was used for the identification of the functional groups present; SEM showed the morphology of the bimetallic Ag-CuNPs is partially merely crystalline and spherical in nature. XRD analysis of Ag-CuNPs showed face centered cubic structure (FCC) with the average particle size of 54.42. The (Ag-CuNPs) bimetallic nanoparticles showed significant antibacterial and anti-fungal activity when tested against Escherichia-coli, pseudomonas aureginosa (Gram-negative), staphylococcus aures, Klebsella Pneumonia (Gram-positive) bacteria’s and two fungi Aspagillus Niger and Candida using Augomentine and Fulcin as control drugs.
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How to cite this article Yahaya N.P., Lamayi W.D. Bawaji S.M., Green Synthesis and Characterization of Bimetallic (Ag-Cu) Nanoparticles from Leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia (Hackberry) and its Antimicrobial Activity. J. Nanoanalysis., 10(1): 419-428, Winter 2023. 10.22034/jna.2022.1955547.1298
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INTRODUCTION
Hackberry (Celtis) is a group of medium-sized, deciduous trees with long ovately-shaped leaves, clusters of small fuzzy spring flowers, and small purple fruits locally available. Hackberry trees are hardy trees that withstand many conditions, including drought, wet soil, strong winds, and air pollution [1]. Nano-Chemistry has been the topic of concern from past few years and recent advances have made it more applicable in both industries pharmaceuticals and academia [1-3]. Usages of nanoparticles in various applications make them impotent, otherwise impossible. Nanoparticles are formed in deferent ways such as bi-metallic nanoparticles which we are interested in this study [2]. Metal nanoparticles can be classified based on their origin, dimension as well as structure and their synthesis process can be physical, chemical as well as greener route i.e. biological [4]. Bimetallic nanoparticles are of more interest than metal nanoparticles as they show better optical, electrical and medical applications due to their peculiar mixing patterns and synergistic effects of two metal nanoparticles that form bimetallic nanoparticles [5]. Their synthesis from plants and microbes is of great importance, because it is environmentally benign and friendly [2]. Application of bimetallic nanoparticles as catalysts is most promising one due to large surface area and small size, but bimetallic nanoparticles as biosensors, antimicrobials, in ground water remediation and for drug delivery has promising values [6]. Nanoparticles envelop frameworks, whose size is above sub-atomic measurements and under naturally visible ones (i.e. > 1 nm and < 100 nm). Nanoparticles are of several types and can be classified on the basis of: Origin, Dimension, and Structural organization [Figure 1].
Nano-chemistry speaks to the plan, creation and use of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular level, keeping in mind that the end goal is to deliver new nano-sized materials [7-8]. As of late, the meeting of nano sized scale advancements and biological techniques has paved way for the new field of nano biotechnology. It is generally centered on the creation, control, and utilization of materials at the nanometer scale for cutting edge biotechnology [8]. Green syntheses of nanoparticles are more eco-friendly and nontoxic and more stable than chemical synthesis. Biosynthetic processes for nanoparticles would be more useful if nanoparticles were produced extracellular using plants or their extracts and in a controlled manner according to their size, dispersity and shape. Plants have been used to support mankind to sustain its well-being since the dawn of medicine. They are the most cherished bio resources of both traditional and modern drugs and have been the basis of health preservation and care [1]. Anarado et al, [9] suggested majority of the species of the genus Celtis have been found to possess medicinal values. C. Africana, C. australis and C. occidentals have been reported to possess phyto-compounds that exhibit numerous important pharmacological activities such as antioxidant and cytotoxic properties, [10]. C. Integrifolia is implicated in the management of epilepsy, mental disorder, weakness, as pain killer, treatment of Chicken pox, Measles, Gout, Ecbolic, treatment of Diarrhea, Sore throat [11]. Cancer wound healing, bleeding, Spices and Aphrodisiac in Northern Nigeria. With new discovery in science of the adverse effects of synthetic drugs, people are clamoring for the days when medication was comprised solely of natural products, which have low toxicity and no known side effects. Hence there is upsurge in the use of herbal remedies. There is therefore the need for a thorough scientific evaluation to validate the supposedly therapeutic effects of some of these medicinal plants [12]. Pindiga et al, [4] Suggested nano technology is gaining tremendous attention in the present century due to its expected impact on many important areas such as medicine, energy, electronics, and space industries. In this context, biosynthesis of nanoparticles is a reliable, eco-friendly and important aspect of green chemistry approach that intersects biotechnology and nanotechnology [13]. Research has shown that microbes and plants are supportive in the biosynthesis of nanoparticles with good surface and size characteristics [12].
Figure 1. Types of Nanoparticles Flowchart
EXPERIMENTAL
MATERIALS
Reagent and chemicals
All the chemicals were of analytical grade and were used as purchased without further purification. They are as follows Silver nitrate (AgNO3) Cadmium Chloride (CdCl2) Cupper (ii) chloride dehydrate (CuCl2) Mercury (ii) oxide (HgCl2) Mangnase dioxide (MnO2) Chromium (iii) chloride hexahydrate (CrCl36H2O) Ehrlich reagent (paradimethyl amino Benzaldehyde absolute alcohol hydrochloric acid). Hydrogen Peroxide, Miller Hilton broth, Nutrient Agar, Potatodestros Agar, Sterile cotton, dimethyl sulphuroxide, dimethyl hydrochloride, crystal violet, lugols iodine, acetone, ethanol oil immersion, human plasma, Fulcin, Augomentine, Distilled water and Celtis Integrifolia leaf extract.
Apparatus\ Equipment
The apparatus used are magnetic stirrer, Heating mantle, FT-IR Machine (PerkinElmer), spectrum version 10 03 09, UV-visible spectrophotometry machine (Jenway 6705), SEM machine (Hitachi 4160), XRD machine, Incubator, staining rags, autoclave, microscope, wooden mortar and pestle, Petridish.
Sample Collection and Authentication
The leaves of Celtis integrifolia plant were collected from Ndala-diyo (Jalam district) Dambam L.G.A of Bauchi State, The plant material was identified and authenticated by a specialist, given voucher number GUH 192 and deposited at the herbarium of Department of Botany, Gombe State University Gombe, Nigeria. The Fresh matured leaves of the plant were collected.
Sample preparation
Fresh celtis integrifolia (Hackberry) leaves were washed for three times with tap water and then rinsed with distilled water to remove adhered dirty and then ground using a wooden mortar and pestle with addition of distilled water thereby obtaining a fine homogeneous paste sample, [14].
METHODS
SYNTHESIS OF Ag-Cu BIMETALLIC NANOPARTICLES (Ag-CuNPs) [FIGURE 2]
By using slightly modified method of [15]. For the synthesis of Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles, the prepared Ag-Cu solution were added drop wise collectively into the plant extract by the ratio of 1:9 (that is 10ml extract and 90ml bimetallic precursor) with constant stirring at 600C for 60 minutes using magnetic stirrer. Within the first 15 minutes the color change was observed which indicated the formation of nanoparticles and the mixture was allowed to settle for 24h after that it was decanted and the collected nanoparticles were dried at 100oC for 2h and ground into powder for further analysis.
CHARACTERIZATION
UV-Visible spectroscopy analysis was done to confirm the formation of nanoparticles and observe the extract Plasmon vibration and excitation. The wavelength varied at regular wavelengths of 200nm, 300nm, 400nm, 500nm, 600nm, 700nm and 800nm respectively.
FT-IR analysis was done on leaf extract and the synthesized Ag-Cu, bimetallic nanoparticles for determination of the functional group present in the samples.
The SEM analysis was done in order to determine the morphology, size and the composition of the element present in the synthesized Ag-Cu, bimetallic nanoparticles. It is done using powdered sample.
XRD analysis was done to find out the average crystalline size. The Debye Scherer equation was used to calculate the average crystalline size, [10].
The Debye Scherer equation as follows
Where D= Particles size = 0.94
K= Constant volume
λ= X-ray wavelength (0.154nm)
β=Line broadening at half the maximum intensity
θ= Braggs angle (in degree).
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY
The antimicrobial activity of the plant extract and synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles were carried out using the agar well method to test the antimicrobial activity of the plant extract and the Green synthesized Ag-Cu, on two gram negative bacteria’s Escherichia-coli, pseudomonas aureginosa, Two gram positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, klebsella pneumonia and two fungus Aspagillus Niger and Candida albicans as well. This is conducted by creating 6mm hole in the prepared agar (media) inside the petri dish. The organism was inoculated all over the surface of the petri dish and the synthesized drugs (bimetallic nanoparticles) were also inoculated in to each hole with a control drug at the center. It was then be incubated overnight at 37OC after which the zone of bacterial and fungi growth inhibition was measured in millimeters (mm), [16].
Figure 2. General synthetic pathway of nanoparticles
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
UV-visible spectroscopy
The UV spectrophotometer was used to monitor the synthesis of nanoparticles as it gives us information about the path of synthesis. When plant extract was mixed with silver salt solution, the reduction of Ag+ ion was reduced due to the presence of active molecules present in the plant extract which gives light green color to the solution with absorption in UV-Vis spectroscopy near 435 nm but when copper salt solution was mixed the spectrum became different due to the formation of composite structure which incorporates Cu+ as second center in the nanostructures. Ag-Cu resulted during the green synthesis of bimetallic silver and copper bimetallic nanoparticles, the color change was observed as the first indication of the formation of bimetallic nanoparticles Table 1. The Ag color is white and Cu color is blue and the Ag-Cu bimetallic nanoparticles changes to dark green, [13].
The Celtis extract Figure 3 showed the highest absorbance at 300nm which is due to the surface Plasmon vibration and bio-reduction and the Ag-CuNPs nanoparticles (Ag-CuNPs). Figure 4 showed the highest absorbance at the peaks of 300nm and 700nm which is also due to the surface Plasmon vibration and excitation of bio-reduction and capping or stabilizing agent present in the leaf extract. This corresponded with the literature of [17] which showed the highest absorbance peaks at 300nm and 650nm and also suggested that, this variation depends on the reducing agent and the type of metal salt used as a precursor.
FT-IR Spectroscopy
IR spectroscopy was done using plant material as well as synthesized bimetallic nanoparticles. Table 2 exhibits that the functional groups present in the plant material have been transferred to nanoparticles [Figure 5 and 6]. Many functional groups such as hydroxyl, Alkene group and multiple bonds are present in the nanoparticles [Figure 5 and 6], see similar to [18-19].
SEM Analysis
The SEM result [Figure 7] of bimetallic nanoparticles shows that the Ag-Cu nanoparticles are merely crystalline and partially spherical in nature which is similar to [20].
XRD Analysis
Table 1. Uv-visible Spectrophotometry Analysis Results | ||
SAMPLE | ABSORBANCE | |
Celtis extract | 300nm | |
Ag-CuNPs | 300nm, 700nm | |
|
|
Figure 3. UV-Visible spectrum for Celtic Integrifolia extract
| Figure 4. UV-Visible spectrum for Cd-MnNPs
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The XRD result [Fig 8] of the bimetallic Nanoparticles was done to determine the average crystalline size using Derby Scherer equation. Ag-Cu nanoparticles shows the average crystalline size of 54.42nm, with peaks 2 Ө = 25.220, 27.950, 29.170 and 35.420, with respect to the plane of (111), (210), (211) and (311), [21].
Table 2. FT-IR Spectroscopy Analysis Results Figure 3 and 4. | |||||||||
Samples | Celtis extract | Ag-CuNPs | |||||||
Absorption bands | 3546cm-1* | 1037 cm-1 | 1033 cm-1 | 3444 cm-1 | 3444 cm-1 | 1622 cm-1 | |||
Functionalgroups | O-H | C-C | C-O | O-H | O-H | C=C | |||
Stretching due to: O-H = Alcohols, C-C = Aromatics, C-O = Carboxylic acid, *Alcohols and phenols | |||||||||
Figure 5. Showing the FT-IR spectrum of the Celtis leaf extract
Figure 6. Showing the FT-IR spectrum of the Ag-CuNPs
|
|
Fig 7. SEM result of Ag-CuNPs | Figure 8. XRD result of Ag-CuNPs |
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF LEAF EXTRACT AND BIMETALLIC NANOPARTICLES OF Ag-CuNPs
The plant extract showed that, the Escherichia –coli showed an increase in the bacterial growth inhibition with an increase in concentration of the plant extracts. Pseudomonas aureginosa showed an increase in inhibition of the bacterial growth with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract which is almost closed to that of the control drug. Staphylococcus aureus showed an increase in the inhibition with an increase in the concentration of plant extract. Klebsella pneumonia exhibited an increase in bacterial growth with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract which was also almost closed to that of the control drug.
The antibacterial activity test result for silver-copper nanoparticles (Ag-CuNPS) showed that, the Escherichia-coli revealed an increase in the bacteria’s growth inhibition with increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. It showed the highest inhibition at 300ug/ml and started to decrease with increase in concentration. Pseudomonas aureginosa showed an increase in the bacterial growth inhibition with increase in concentration of the synthesized drug (NPS). Staphylococcus aureus shows an increase in bacterial growth inhibition with increase in concentration of the synthesized drug. Klebsella pneumonia also shows an increase in bacterial growth inhibition with increase in concentration of the nanoparticles which is closed to the controlled drug (Augmentin) inhibition value (Table 3) [16].
The plant extract Aspagillus Niger shows an increase in fungal inhibition with an increase in the concentration of the plant extract, which shows the high rate of inhibition at 500ug/ml and the Candida. Showing an increase in the fungal growth as the concentration increases and the highest inhibition was observed at 500ug/ml which shows that as the concentration increases the zone of inhibition increases, [22]. The silver-copper bimetallic nanoparticles (Ag-CuNPs), Aspagillus Niger showed an increase in fungal growth inhibition with increase in concentration of the synthesized drug (nanoparticles). It showed the highest fungi inhibition rate at concentration 300µg/ml but it decreased in concentration 400µg/ml and 500µg/ml respectively. This decrease depends on the type of fungi in question. Each fungi has its own activity and resistance to the drug used. The same applies to candida; it also showed an increase in fungal growth inhibition with increase in concentration of the nanoparticles (Table 4).
Table 3. Antimicrobial activities, zone of Inhibition in Millimeters (mm) | ||||||
Test Organism | Concentration in µg/ml | Control | ||||
| 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 300 |
Leaf Extract | ||||||
E. Coli | 7 | 9 | 12 | 15 | 18 | 21 |
P. Aureg | 7 | 9 | 14 | 17 | 21 | 26 |
S.Aureu | 9 | 11 | 15 | 17 | 19 | 26 |
K.Pneu | 12 | 19 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 27 |
Ag-CuNPs | ||||||
E. Coli | 6 | 7 | 7 | 8 | 10 | 18 |
P. Aureg | 7 | 8 | 10 | 13 | 18 | 20 |
S.Aureu | 8 | 6 | 8 | 11 | 12 | 22 |
K.Pneu | 7 | 11 | 13 | 14 | 19 | 21 |
Control = Augmentin E. Coli -= Escherichia Coli, P. Aureg = Pseudomonas Aureginosa, S.Aureu = Staphyloccocus Aureus, K.Pneu = Klebsella Pneumonia, µg/ml = Microgram per mil | ||||||
Table 4. Antifungal Activity of The Plant Extract And Bimetallic Nanoparticles Zone of Inhibition (mm) | |||||||||
Test organism | Concentrations in µg/ml | Control (µg/ml) | |||||||
| 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 500 | |||
Plant extract | |||||||||
A.Niger | 7 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 17 | |||
Candida | 6 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 10 | 18 | |||
Ag-CuNPs | |||||||||
A.Niger | 8 | 10 | 13 | 11 | 14 | 21 | |||
Candida | 10 | 13 | 16 | 19 | 22 | 25 | |||
CONCLUSION
This research work entailed the Green synthesis and antimicrobial studies of bimetallic Ag-CuNPs. It can be concluded that the bimetallic nanoparticles were green synthesized from the leaf extract of Celtis integrifolia and characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, FT-IR, SEM and XRD analysis. The bimetallic nanoparticles showed more antibacterial activity than the plant extracts. It also showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity when tested against gram-positive and negative bacterial Escherichia-coli, pseudomonas aureginosa, staphylococcus aureus and Klebsella pneumonia, and also two fungi Aspagillus Niger and candida.
REFERENCES
[2] Guojun Z., Hongmei Z., Ming S., Lei W., Xiaosan W. “Green synthesis and characterization of Au@Pt core–shell bimetallic nanoparticles using gallic acid” Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 2015, 81, 79-87
[3] Gisela Manuela de F. B., Juliana D., Luis A. Z. T., Valcineide O. de A. T., Carlos R. S. “Green biosynthesis of single and bimetallic nanoparticles of iron and manganese using bacterial auxin complex to act as plant bio-fertilizer” Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology, 2020, 30, 101822
[4] Nasiru Y. P., Adamu A., Wilson L. D., Usman Y. M. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Nanoparticles from the Leaf Extract of Khaya senegalensis (Mahogany) and its Antimicrobial Activity”, Letters in Applied Nano Bioscience, 2023, 12 (3) 86
[5] Muhammad I, Khan, M. I., Shahid A. K., Mughal Q., Murad A. K., Yasir A., Kalsoom A., Abdullah M. A., Sher B. K. “Green synthesis of antibacterial bimetallic Ag–Cu nanoparticles for catalytic reduction of persistent organic pollutants” Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics, 2018, 29, 20840–20855.
[6] Nasiru P. Y., Abdulsalam U., Yakong D. M., Adamu A. “Kinetic, Equilibrium and Thermodynamics Study of the Adsorption of Pb(II), Ni(II) and Cu(II) Ions from Aqueous Solution using Psidium Guajava (Guava) Leaves” Chemical Science & Engineering Research, 2022, 4(10), 9-16.
[7] Nasiru Y. P., Khadija A. Y., Adamu A., Yakong D. M. “Green Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt, Iron and Cop-per Nanoparticles Derived from the Stem-Bark Extract of Khaya Senegalensis (Mahogany) and Its Antimirobial Activity” Online Journal of Chemistry, 2022, 1, 1-13 DOI: 10.31586/ojc.2022.158
[8] Tooba M., Vikas S., Rajesh S.T. “Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Nanoparticles and its Applications: A Review” Journal of Pharmaceutical Science and Research, 2017, 9(2), 102-110
[9] Anarado, C. E., Chukwubueze, F. M., Anarado, C. J. O., Umedum, N. L. and Nwanya, C. B. “Comparative Phytochemical and in vitro antioxidant screening of the Root and Stem Bark of Annona muricata Linn”. International Research Journal of Pure & Applied Chemistry, 2020, 21(8): 48-61.
[10] Ezekiel, J. S. “Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant Assay and Cytotoxicity of Stem Bark Extracts of Celtis integrifolia L. (Cannabaceae)” J. Chem. Pharm. Res., 2018, 10(8) 137-142.
[11] Mahre, M. B., Umaru, B., Ojo, N. A., Saidu, A. S., Yahi, D., Ibrahim, R. M. and Mshelbwala, P. P. “Acute Toxicity, Photochemistry and Anti-diarrheal Effects of Celtis integrifolia Lam. Aqueous Leaf Extract in Wistar Albino Rats”. British Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 2016, 14(5): 1-7.
[12] Ahmed, S. A., Nasiru P.Y., Fanna I. A., Jaime A. T. and Lawan B. B. “Anti-Diarrheal Effects of Aqueous leaf Extract of Holarrhena Floribunda (G.DON) Schinz andDur in Rats” International Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Science and Biotechnology, 2012, 4(1), 52-54.
[13] Preeti, R. (2017) “Green-synthesis of silver nanoparticles, their characterization and microbial potential” PhD. Thesis (unpublished) submitted to the department of molecular and cellular engineering. Jacob institute of biotechnology and bioengineering samhiggin Bottom University of Agriculture, Technology and such as Allahabad-211007.u.p India
[14] Igwe, O.U. and Ekebo, E.S. “Bio fabrication of cobalt nanoparticles using leaf extract of chromolaena odorata and their potential antibacterial application” Research Journal of Chemical Science, 2018, 8 (1) 11-17.
[15] Shailesh, K.C., Kokila P. A. and Tessy. E. “Green synthesis of Silver nanoparticles using Elytraria a caulis’ plant root extract and its antimicrobial activity" International Journal of Green and Herbal Chemistry, 2018, 7 (3) 598- 609.
[16] Zaccheus, S., Danbature, W.L., Maisanda, A., S. and Musa, M. S. “synthesis, characterization and antibacterial activity of Kaolin gum Arabic nanocomposite on Escherichia-coli and pseudomonas aureginosa’ Research journal of nanoscience and engineering, 2018, 2 (2), 23-29.
[17] Wilson L. D., Yoro M., Nasiru Y. P., Zaccheus S. “Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Application of Mag-netic Iron Nanoparticles (Fe3O4) in Biodiesel Production from Mahogany (Khaya Senegalensis) Seed Oil”. Online Journal of Chemistry, 2021, 1, 85-94
[18] Ashishie, P. B., Chinyere, A., Anyema, A. A., Charles, O., Oseghale, E. T. A and Ayomide, H. L. ‘Green synthesis of silver monometallic and copper- silver bimetallic nanoparticles using kigelia African fruit extract and evaluation of their antimicrobial activities international journal of physical sciences, 2017, 3, 24- 32
[19] Flora, P. Siva, K., Rajini S., Ashok, K., Jayaprakash, P. and Rajesh, S. “Green synthesis of silver nanopsiticles from propolis”. Research Journal of Life Science, Bio in Formats, Pharmaceutical and Chemical Sciences, 2011, 4 (4) 23 – 36.
[20] Wali, M., Sajjad, A. S., Sumaira, S., Muhammad, N., Safina, H. and Muhammad, J. “Green Synthesis of gold nanoparticles and their Characterization using plant extract of papaver somniferum”An Indian journal of nanoscience and nanotechnology, 2017, 11 (2) 1-7.
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J. Nanoanalysis., 10(1): 419-428, Winter 2023 |
