Psychometric Characteristics of Academic Locus of Control Scale (ALCS) in High School Students

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

Hamid Reza Aryanpour ¹ , Yaser Rezapour Mirsaleh ²

1 - Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanities & Social Siences, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran
2 - Ardakan

Received: 2019-07-27 Accepted : 2020-06-22 Published : 2020-05-21

Keywords: reliability, validity, psychometric, Academic Locus of Control,

Abstract :

The purpose of present study was to investigate the psychometric characteristics of academic locus of control scale (ALCS) in high school students. The population of the study includes all high school students of Ardakan and Meybod city. A total of 604 students were selected by categorical random sampling. The data gathered by academic locus of control, E-I locus of control scale and grade point average, and then analyzed by Correlation analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and independent t-test. The results showed that Face and content validity of the scale were confirmed. ALCS had a significant convergent validity with Rotter’s locus of control scale and grade point average (p<.01). The ALCS discriminated between students with high grade point average from those with low grade point average. Investigating of construct validity of ALCS showed one factor structure of the scale was confirmed. Test-retest reliability after a two week interval and Kuder-Richardson alpha coefficient of the ALCS were .83 (p<.01) and .71 respectively. With regarding the results can concluded that Persian version of ALCS has appropriate validity and reliability in participants of present study.

References:

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Brown, D. L., Rosnick, C. B., & Segrist, D. J. (2016). Internalized Racial Oppression and Higher Education Values The Mediational Role of Academic Locus of Control Among College African American Men and Women. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(4) 358-380, DOI: 10.1177/0095798416641865

Buckner, M. M., & Finn, A. N. (2013). Academic locus of control as an individual factor influencing student dissent. Communication Research Reports, 30(4), 333-341.

Cetinkalp, Z. K. (2010). The relationship between academic locus of control and achievement goals among physical education teaching program students. World Applied Sciences Journal, 10(11), 1387-1391.

Chalak, A., & Nasri, N. (2015). The Interplay of Locus of Control, Academic Achievement, and Biological Variables among Iranian Online EFL Learners. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(8), 2568-2572.

Chalak, A., Nasri, N., & Tabrizi, H. H. (2014). The Relationship between the types of locus of control and the academic achievement of Iranian online foreign language learners. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(1), 50-56.

Crandall, V. C., Katkovsky, W., & Crandall, V. J. (1965). Children's beliefs in their own control of reinforcements in intellectual-academic achievement situations. Child development, 36(1), 91-109.

Curtis, N. A., & Trice, A. D. (2013). A revision of the academic locus of control scale for college students 1. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 116(3), 817-829.

Ferrari, J. R., & Parker, J. T. (1992). High school achievement, self-efficacy, and locus of control as predictors of freshman academic performance. Psychological reports, 71(2), 515-518.

Gifford, D. D., Briceno-Perriott, J., & Mianzo, F. (2006). Locus of Control: Academic Achievement and Retention in a Sample of University First-Year Students. Journal of College Admission, 191, 18-25.

Hasanzade, R. (2002). The relationship between motivation (internal and external), locus of control (internal and external) and academic performance of students. Journal of Educational Innovations, 2, 107-120 [In Persian].

Hoover, K. (2003). The relationship of locus of control and self-efficacy to academic achievement of first-year students. Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 15(2), 103-123.

Houman, H.A. (2001). Educational measurement and test preparation techniques. Tehran: Selsele Pub [In Persian].

Ibrahim, A. M. (1996). A cross-cultural validation of Trice's academic Locus of Control scale for college students in an Omani sample. Perceptual and motor skills, 83(3), 823-829.

İskender, M., & Akin, A. (2010). Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1101-1106.

Jafari Roshan, M. Etemad, M. (2010). The relationship of attribution styles and locus of control with academy performance of students. Journal of Psychological Researches, 2(6), 1-12 [In Persian].

Janssen, T., & Carton, J. S. (1999). The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(4), 436-442.

Jones, C. H., Slate, J. R., & Marini, I. (1995). Locus of Control, Social Interdependence, Academic Preparation, Age, Study Time, and the Study Skills of College Students. Research in the Schools, 2(1), 55-62.

Joo, Y.J., Lim, K.Y., & Kim, J. (2013). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and task value as predictors of learning outcome in an online university context. Computers & Education. 62,149–158.

Khadivi, A. Vakili Mafakheri, A. (2002). A Survey of relationship between achievement motivation, locus of control, self-concept and high school first grader science students academic achievement the five regions of Tabriz. Instruction and Evaluation, 4(13), 47-71 [In Persian].

Klein, J. D., & Keller, J.M. (1990). Influence of Student Ability, Locus of Control, and Type of Instructional Control on Performance and Confidence. Journal of Educational Research, 83(3), 140-146.

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-10.

LaBelle, S., & Martin, M. M. (2014). Attribution theory in the college classroom: Examining the relationship of student attributions and instructional dissent. Communication Research Reports, 31(1), 110-116.

Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity1. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575.

Lefcourt, H. M. (2014). Locus of control: Current trends in theory & research. New York: Psychology Press.

Lefcourt, H. M., Von Baeyer, C. L., Ware, E. E., & Cox, D. J. (1979). The multidimensional-multiattributional causality scale: The development of a goal specific locus of control scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science/Revue comedienne des sciences du comportment, 11(4), 286-304.

McClelland, M.M., Morrison, F.J., & Holmes, D.L. (2000). Children at risk for early academic problems: The role of learning-related social skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15 (3), 307-329.

McClun, L. A., & Merrell, K. W. (1999). Relationship of perceived parenting styles, locus of control orientation, and self-concept among junior high age students. Psychology in the Schools, 35(4), 381–390.

Movafagh, K. H. (1996). Standardization of I-E locus of control scale in high school students of Mashhad City. Unpublished Thesis, Ferdousi University of Mashhad [In Persian]. 

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daley, C. E. (1998). Study skills of undergraduates as a function of academic locus of control, self-perception, and social interdependence. Psychological Reports, 83(2), 595-598.

Reid, I., & Croucher, A. (1980). The Crandall Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire: A British validation study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(1), 255-258.

Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 80(1), 1-28.

Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 43(1), 56.

Sabagh, A. (1997). Comparing locus of control between schizophrenic patients and normal persons. Unpublished Thesis, Faculty of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Science [In Persian].

Shepherd, S., Owen, D., Fitch, T. J., & Marshall, J. L. (2006). Locus of control and academic achievement in high school students. Psychological reports, 98(2), 318-322.

Skinner, A. L. (2003). Using locus of control to improve self-determination and outcomes for consumers with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 34(2), 27-32.

Smith, P. B., Trompenaars, F., & Dugan, S. (1995). The Rotter locus of control scale in 43 countries: A test of cultural relativity. International Journal of Psychology, 30(3), 377-400.

Soleimannejad, A., Shahraray, M. (2001). The relationship of locus of control and self-regulation with academic performance. Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 31(2), 175-197 [In Persian].

Solomon, D., Houlihan, K. A., & Parelius, R. J. (1969). Intellectual achievement responsibility in Negro and white children. Psychological Reports, 24(2), 479-483.

Trice, A. D. (1985). An academic locus of control scale for college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61(3f), 1043-1046.

Trice, A. D., & Hackburt, L. (1989). Academic locus of control, type a behavior and college absenteeism. Psychological reports, 65(1), 337-338.

Trice, A. D., Ogden, E. P., Stevens, W., & Booth, J. (1987). Concurrent validity of the academic locus of control scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(2), 483-486.

Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: design statistics and computer analysis. New York: Davis FA.

Abouserie, R. (1994). Sources and levels of stress in relation to locus of control and self-esteem in university students. Educational psychology, 14(3), 323-330.

Ackerman, T. A. (1992). A didactic explanation of item bias, item impact, and item validity from a multidimensional perspective. Journal of educational measurement, 29(1), 67-91.

Akın, A. (2010). Achievement goals and academic locus of control: Structural equation modeling. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 38(1), 1-18.

Aspelmeier, J. E., Love, M. M., McGill, L. A., Elliott, A. N., & Pierce, T. W. (2012). Self-esteem, locus of control, college adjustment, and GPA among first-and continuing-generation students: A moderator model of generational status. Research in Higher Education, 53(7), 755-781.

Bayat, F. (2002). Standardization of Nowroki -Strickland locus of control scale in students. Unpublished Thesis. Faculty of Humanities, Islamic Azad University of Tehran [In Persian].

Bodill, K., & Roberts, L. D. (2013). Implicit theories of intelligence and academic locus of control as predictors of studying behaviour. Learning and Individual Differences, 27, 163-166.

Brown, D. L., Rosnick, C. B., & Segrist, D. J. (2016). Internalized Racial Oppression and Higher Education Values The Mediational Role of Academic Locus of Control Among College African American Men and Women. Journal of Black Psychology, 43(4) 358-380, DOI: 10.1177/0095798416641865

Buckner, M. M., & Finn, A. N. (2013). Academic locus of control as an individual factor influencing student dissent. Communication Research Reports, 30(4), 333-341.

Cetinkalp, Z. K. (2010). The relationship between academic locus of control and achievement goals among physical education teaching program students. World Applied Sciences Journal, 10(11), 1387-1391.

Chalak, A., & Nasri, N. (2015). The Interplay of Locus of Control, Academic Achievement, and Biological Variables among Iranian Online EFL Learners. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, International Journal of Social, Behavioral, Educational, Economic, Business and Industrial Engineering, 9(8), 2568-2572.

Chalak, A., Nasri, N., & Tabrizi, H. H. (2014). The Relationship between the types of locus of control and the academic achievement of Iranian online foreign language learners. Cypriot Journal of Educational Sciences, 9(1), 50-56.

Crandall, V. C., Katkovsky, W., & Crandall, V. J. (1965). Children's beliefs in their own control of reinforcements in intellectual-academic achievement situations. Child development, 36(1), 91-109.

Curtis, N. A., & Trice, A. D. (2013). A revision of the academic locus of control scale for college students 1. Perceptual & Motor Skills, 116(3), 817-829.

Ferrari, J. R., & Parker, J. T. (1992). High school achievement, self-efficacy, and locus of control as predictors of freshman academic performance. Psychological reports, 71(2), 515-518.

Gifford, D. D., Briceno-Perriott, J., & Mianzo, F. (2006). Locus of Control: Academic Achievement and Retention in a Sample of University First-Year Students. Journal of College Admission, 191, 18-25.

Hasanzade, R. (2002). The relationship between motivation (internal and external), locus of control (internal and external) and academic performance of students. Journal of Educational Innovations, 2, 107-120 [In Persian].

Hoover, K. (2003). The relationship of locus of control and self-efficacy to academic achievement of first-year students. Journal of the First-Year Experience & Students in Transition, 15(2), 103-123.

Houman, H.A. (2001). Educational measurement and test preparation techniques. Tehran: Selsele Pub [In Persian].

Ibrahim, A. M. (1996). A cross-cultural validation of Trice's academic Locus of Control scale for college students in an Omani sample. Perceptual and motor skills, 83(3), 823-829.

İskender, M., & Akin, A. (2010). Social self-efficacy, academic locus of control, and internet addiction. Computers & Education, 54(4), 1101-1106.

Jafari Roshan, M. Etemad, M. (2010). The relationship of attribution styles and locus of control with academy performance of students. Journal of Psychological Researches, 2(6), 1-12 [In Persian].

Janssen, T., & Carton, J. S. (1999). The effects of locus of control and task difficulty on procrastination. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 160(4), 436-442.

Jones, C. H., Slate, J. R., & Marini, I. (1995). Locus of Control, Social Interdependence, Academic Preparation, Age, Study Time, and the Study Skills of College Students. Research in the Schools, 2(1), 55-62.

Joo, Y.J., Lim, K.Y., & Kim, J. (2013). Locus of control, self-efficacy, and task value as predictors of learning outcome in an online university context. Computers & Education. 62,149–158.

Khadivi, A. Vakili Mafakheri, A. (2002). A Survey of relationship between achievement motivation, locus of control, self-concept and high school first grader science students academic achievement the five regions of Tabriz. Instruction and Evaluation, 4(13), 47-71 [In Persian].

Klein, J. D., & Keller, J.M. (1990). Influence of Student Ability, Locus of Control, and Type of Instructional Control on Performance and Confidence. Journal of Educational Research, 83(3), 140-146.

Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607-10.

LaBelle, S., & Martin, M. M. (2014). Attribution theory in the college classroom: Examining the relationship of student attributions and instructional dissent. Communication Research Reports, 31(1), 110-116.

Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity1. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575.

Lefcourt, H. M. (2014). Locus of control: Current trends in theory & research. New York: Psychology Press.

Lefcourt, H. M., Von Baeyer, C. L., Ware, E. E., & Cox, D. J. (1979). The multidimensional-multiattributional causality scale: The development of a goal specific locus of control scale. Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science/Revue comedienne des sciences du comportment, 11(4), 286-304.

McClelland, M.M., Morrison, F.J., & Holmes, D.L. (2000). Children at risk for early academic problems: The role of learning-related social skills. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 15 (3), 307-329.

McClun, L. A., & Merrell, K. W. (1999). Relationship of perceived parenting styles, locus of control orientation, and self-concept among junior high age students. Psychology in the Schools, 35(4), 381–390.

Movafagh, K. H. (1996). Standardization of I-E locus of control scale in high school students of Mashhad City. Unpublished Thesis, Ferdousi University of Mashhad [In Persian]. 

Onwuegbuzie, A. J., & Daley, C. E. (1998). Study skills of undergraduates as a function of academic locus of control, self-perception, and social interdependence. Psychological Reports, 83(2), 595-598.

Reid, I., & Croucher, A. (1980). The Crandall Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire: A British validation study. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 40(1), 255-258.

Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological monographs: General and applied, 80(1), 1-28.

Rotter, J. B. (1975). Some problems and misconceptions related to the construct of internal versus external control of reinforcement. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 43(1), 56.

Sabagh, A. (1997). Comparing locus of control between schizophrenic patients and normal persons. Unpublished Thesis, Faculty of Nursing, Mashhad University of Medical Science [In Persian].

Shepherd, S., Owen, D., Fitch, T. J., & Marshall, J. L. (2006). Locus of control and academic achievement in high school students. Psychological reports, 98(2), 318-322.

Skinner, A. L. (2003). Using locus of control to improve self-determination and outcomes for consumers with learning disabilities. Journal of Applied Rehabilitation Counseling, 34(2), 27-32.

Smith, P. B., Trompenaars, F., & Dugan, S. (1995). The Rotter locus of control scale in 43 countries: A test of cultural relativity. International Journal of Psychology, 30(3), 377-400.

Soleimannejad, A., Shahraray, M. (2001). The relationship of locus of control and self-regulation with academic performance. Journal of Psychology and Educational Sciences, 31(2), 175-197 [In Persian].

Solomon, D., Houlihan, K. A., & Parelius, R. J. (1969). Intellectual achievement responsibility in Negro and white children. Psychological Reports, 24(2), 479-483.

Trice, A. D. (1985). An academic locus of control scale for college students. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 61(3f), 1043-1046.

Trice, A. D., & Hackburt, L. (1989). Academic locus of control, type a behavior and college absenteeism. Psychological reports, 65(1), 337-338.

Trice, A. D., Ogden, E. P., Stevens, W., & Booth, J. (1987). Concurrent validity of the academic locus of control scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 47(2), 483-486.

Waltz, C. F., & Bausell, B. R. (1981). Nursing research: design statistics and computer analysis. New York: Davis FA.