The Effectiveness of Cognitive-Behavioral Play Therapy on Attention and Concentration and Social Adjustment of Students with Intellectual Disability

Subject Areas : Educational Psychology

Mehrnaz Mehrafza ¹ , Asghar Nakhostin Goldoost ² , Azar Kiamarsi ³

1 - Ph.D. student in Educational Psychology, Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor ,Department of Educational Sciences ,Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
3 - Assistant Professor ,Department of Psychology, Ardabil Branch ,Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

Received: 2022-06-21 Accepted : 2022-10-03 Published : 2022-08-23

Keywords: social adjustment, Attention and Concentration, Cognitive-Behavioral Play, Students with Intellectual Disability,

Abstract :

The present article was done with the aim to investigate the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral play therapy on attention and concentration and social adjustment of students with intellectual disability. The research method was quasi-experimental with a pretest and posttest design plus control group. The statistical society consisted of male students with intellectual disability in second grade of elementary exceptional schools during 2021-2022; among them 30 students were selected and categorized in experimental group (15) and control group (15). Wechsler (4th edition) scale used to evaluate students` attention and concentration of active memory and Sinha and Singe (2002) for social adjustment. Prior to the study, Pre-test of attention and concentration and social adjustment was implemented in both groups. The experimental group received cognitive-behavioral play through the training package in 12 sessions, but the control group did not receive any intervention. After the Intervention in the post-test stage, both of the groups answered to the same questionnaire of pre-test stage. The research data was analyzed with one way and Multivariate Covariance Analysis. The cognitive-behavioral play had a positive effect on the increase of students’ attention and concentration and social adjustment and their subscales (P<0.05). According to the effectiveness of the cognitive-behavioral play, it was suggested to apply periodically the methods of cognitive-behavioral play training with the aim to increase intellectually disabled students` attention and concentration and social adjustment.

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Panjeh Ali, F. (2021). The effectiveness of music therapy on the hearing active memory, emotion control and attention transmission of children with hard rate of intellectual disability. M. A. thesis in general psychology major, Imam Javad Higher Education Institute. https://civilica.com/doc/1222617/ [In Persian].

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Ahmadi, M. (2022). The effectiveness of play therapy with cognitive- behavioral approach on the social growth and aggression of elementary students. M.A. thesis of psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tabriz. [In Persian].

Bratton SC, Ray D, Rhine T, Jones L. (2005). The efficacy of play therapy with children: a meta-analytic review of treatment outcomes. Prof Psychol Res Pr. 2005; 36(4): 376–390.

Drews, A. (2008). Blending play therapy with cognitive behavioral therapy. Translated by: Qazal Ramezani, Tehran: Vania publication [In Persian].

Fazel Kalkhoran, J., Shariati, A., & Bahrami, H. (2017). The effectiveness of play therapy on short memory of educable children with mental disability. Movement Behavior, 28, 73-88 [In Persian].

Fazli AhmadAbad, M., & Elyasi, F. (2020). The effectiveness of motivational painting on aggressive behavior of male students` with intellectual disability. The fifth international conference of new research achievements in social, educational and psychology sciences, Tehran, 1-13. [In Persian].

Haajivand, Z. (2020). The effectiveness of play therapy on academic performance and social adjustment of students with learning disabilities. The third International Conference of Research in Psychology, Counseling and Educational Sciences, https://civilica.com/doc/914866/ [In Persian].

Islaeli, I., Yati, M. I., & Fadmi, F.R. (2019). The effect of play puzzle therapy on anxiety of children on preschooler in Kota Kendari hospital. Enfermeria Clinica, 30(55): 103-105.

Karimi, S. (2018). The effectiveness of play therapy on the decrease of aggressive and social adjustment of among children with mental disability in Kangan city. M. A. thesis in educational psychology, Islamic Azad University of Bandar Lengeh [In Persian]. 

Khankhanizadeh, H., & Baqeri, S. (2013). The effectiveness of verbal self-learning on the improvement of social adjustment of students with learning disabilities. The Journal of Learning Disabilities, 2(1): 43-52. JLD-2-1-91-7-3 [In Persian].

Khodaparast, Z. (2015). The effectiveness of play therapy on visual memory and concentration and attention of teachable students with intellectual disability. Exceptional education, 4(6): 21-26. [In Persian].

Lau, P.W., Wang, G., & Wang, J. (2020). Effectiveness of active video game usage on body composition, physical activity level and motor proficiency in children with intellectual disability. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 33(6): 1465–1477. doi:10.1111/jar.12774.

Lavasani, M. M. A., Keramati, H., & Kadivar, P. (2018). The effectiveness of play therapy based on cognitive- behavioral approach on social adjustment and educational adjustment of students with reading disorder. The Journal of Learning disability, 7(3): 91-109 [In Persian].

Lee, J. & Min, D. (2021). Group Game Play Therapy to Improve Sociality of Children with Intellectual Disabilities - A Case Study. The Journal of Play Therapy, 25, 83-96. doi: 10.32821/JPT.25.2.6.

MilaniFar, B. (2016). Children and teenagers` psychology, 18^th edition, Tehran: Qomes Publication.

Mohammadi, A., & Taheri Moqadam, S.F. (2020). The effectiveness of cognitive- behavioral play therapy on self-efficacy and social adjustment of students with Autism disability in Sanandaj city. The conference of family, Autism disorder and its challenges, Tehran, 1-8. https://civilica.com/doc/918930/ [In Persian].

Mousavi Nik, M., Azimi, R., & Rahmati, S. (2021). The effectiveness of play therapy on the increase of auditory and visual short-term memory of teachable children with intellectual disability. The second congress of latest findings in the area of family, mental health, disabilities, prevention and training, Tehran, 1-21. [In Persian].

Niyazi, M. R. (2019). The effectiveness of social skills therapy with behavioral problems and social adjustments of students with intellectual disabilities. M.A. thesis of psychology, Islamic Azad University of Tabin Allameh Tabatabaei University. [In Persian].

QasemZadeh, S., Amini, S., & Norouzi, R. (2021). The effectiveness of motivational painting training on aggressive behavior of male students with intellectual disability. The Journal of exceptional children, 20(1): 45-56. [In Persian].

Panjeh Ali, F. (2021). The effectiveness of music therapy on the hearing active memory, emotion control and attention transmission of children with hard rate of intellectual disability. M. A. thesis in general psychology major, Imam Javad Higher Education Institute. https://civilica.com/doc/1222617/ [In Persian].

Porter, M. L, Hernandes-Reif, M., & Jessee, p. (2007). Play therapy: a review. Early child 15. Developmented and care. Tayor & Francis.

Rezaei, A. (2020). The effectiveness of music therapy on attention and social adjustment of teachable students with intellectual disability. M. A. thesis in Exceptional Children, Allameh Tabatabaei University, [In Persian].

SaadiPoor, S., Dortaj, F., & Hojati, M. (2020). The effectiveness of cognitive- behavioral play therapy social skill and adjustment of teachable female students with intellectual disability of elementary schools in NajafAbaad city. Practical Researches in Counseling, 2(4): 107-134. [In Persian].

Sinha, A. P., & Sing, R.P. (2002). A guideline for social adjustment questionnaire among high school students, translated by Abolfazl Karimi, Tehran: Tajhiz Seen Institute. [In Persian].