Echocardiographic and radiographic study of left sided dilated cardiomyopathy in small breed dogs
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Boshra Elyasi
1
,
Mohammad Nasrollahzade Masouleh
2
,
Hamid Taghipour
3
,
Sajad Mami
4
1 - Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
2 - Professor, Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
3 - Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Specialized Veterinary Sciences, Tehran, University, Tehran, Iran.
4 - Department of Laboratory and Clinical Science Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.
Received: 2023-05-28
Accepted : 2023-09-27
Published : 2023-07-23
Keywords:
Dog,
Radiography,
Echocardiography,
Dilated cardiomyopathy,
Myocardium,
Abstract :
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most common cardiac diseases in dogs. Prompt diagnosis of the disease is very important as it may lead to fatality in undetected and untreated cases. This study was carried out to investigate and identify the echocardiographic and radiographic indicators of dogs with DCM by sex, sterility status, breed, age and weight. For this purpose, using echocardiography and radiography, various parameters of the left ventricle and VHS (Vertebrae Heart Scale) of all dogs with DCM were measured. The results showed that the highest rate of prevalence was related to unsterilized male terrier dogs with the age of 6-9 years and body weight of 5-10 kg. The echocardiographic findings showed that there were significant differences in different ages (p=0.05) between the parameters of IVSs (Intraventricular Septum at end Systole) and LVDs (Left Ventricular Internal Diameter at end Systole) in male and female DCM dogs, EF (Ejection Fraction) and FS (Fractional Shortening) of different sterility status, LVD (Left Ventricular Internal Diameter) and RVD (Right Ventricular Internal Diameter) of different breeds, all parameters measured in different weights and EF, LVDd (Left Ventricular Internal Diameter at end Diastole) and LVDs. The average VHS of dogs with breed, age, sterility status and different weights with DCM were significantly different from each other (p=0.04, p=0.04 and p=0.01). But, the findings showed that gender had no effect on VHS change. It seems that detection of the canine population with DCM disease according to related diagnostic imaging findings can help in the early diagnosis of this disease. Moreover, the findings of this research can be considered as a valid reference in the examination of different dogs with DCM.
References:
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Baumwart, R.D., Meurs, K.M., Atkins, C.E., Bonagura, J.D., DeFrancesco, T.C., Keene, B.W., et al. (2005). Clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic abnormalities in Boxers with cardiomyopathy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: 48 cases (1985–2003). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226(70): 1102-1104.
Buchanan, J.W. and Bücheler, J. (1995). Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs. Journal-American Veterinary Medical Association, 206: 194-194.
Calvert, C.A. and Wall, M. (2001). Effect of severity of myocardial failure on heart rate variability in Doberman pinschers with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219(8): 1084-1088.
Calvert, C.A., Chapman Jr, W.L. and Toal, R.L. (1982). Congestive cardiomyopathy in Doberman pinscher dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181(6): 598-602.
Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J., Smith, D.D., Rathbun, S.L. and Pickus, C.W. (2000). Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216(1): 34-39.
Cornell, C.C., Kittleson, M.D., Torre, P.D., Häggström, J., Lombard, C.W., Pedersen, H.D., et al. (2004). Allometric scaling of M‐mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs. Journal Of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18(3): 311-321.
Dutton, E., Cripps, P., Helps, S.A.F., Harris, J. and Dukes-McEwan, J. (2022). Echocardiographic reference intervals in healthy UK deerhounds and prevalence of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 40: 142-155.
Freeman, L.M. and Rush, J.E. (2007). Nutrition and cardiomyopathy: lessons from spontaneous animal models. Current Heart Failure Reports, 4(2): 84-90.
Gooding, J.P., Robinson, W.F., Wyburn, R.S. and Cullen, L.K. (1982). A cardiomyopathy in the English Cocker Spaniel: a clinico‐pathological investigation. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 23(3): 133-149.
Gugjoo, M.B., Hoque, M., Saxena, A.C. and Zama, M.M.S. (2013). Radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic features of dilatation cardiomyopathy in dogs. Indian Veterinary Journal, 90(12): 54-56.
Holler, P.J. and Wess, G. (2014). Sphericity index and E‐point‐to‐septal‐separation (EPSS) to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy in doberman pinschers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(1): 123-129.
Koch, J., Pedersen, H.D., Jensen, A.L. and Flagstad, A. (1996). M‐mode echocardiographic diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in giant breed dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 43(1‐10): 297-304.
Luciani, M.G., Withoeft, J.A., Mondardo Cardoso Pissetti, H., Pasini de Souza, L., Silvestre Sombrio, M., Bach, E.C., et al. (2019). Vertebral heart size in healthy Australian cattle dog. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 48(3): 264-267.
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Martin, M.W.S., Stafford Johnson, M.J. and Celona, B. (2009). Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 50(1): 23-29.
Meurs, K.M., Miller, M.W. and Wright, N.A. (2001). Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes and results of a pedigree analysis: 17 cases (1990–2000). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218(5): 729-732.
Muka, T., Oliver-Williams, C., Kunutsor, S., Laven, J.S., Fauser, B.C., Chowdhury, R., et al. (2016). Association of age at onset of menopause and time since onset of menopause with cardiovascular outcomes, intermediate vascular traits, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA cardiology, 1(7): 767-776.
O’Grady, MR., O’Sullivan. and ML. (2004). Dilated cardiomyopathy: an update. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 34: 1187-1207.
Okoth, K., Chandan, J.S., Marshall, T., Thangaratinam, S., Thomas, G.N., Nirantharakumar, K. and Adderley, N.J. (2020). Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review. BMJ, 371.
Packer, M. (2016). Cobalt cardiomyopathy: a critical reappraisal in light of a recent resurgence. Circulation: Heart Failure, 9(12): e003604.
Peters, S.A. and Woodward, M. (2018). Women’s reproductive factors and incident cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. Heart, 104(13): 1069-1075.
Pinto, Y.M., Elliott, P.M., Arbustini, E., Adler, Y., Anastasakis, A., Böhm, M., et al. (2016). Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. European Heart Journal, 37(23): 1850-1858.
Rosenbaum, A.N., Agre, K.E. and Pereira, N.L. (2020). Genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy: practical implications for heart failure management. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 17(5): 286-297.
Simpson, S., Dunning, M.D., Brownlie, S., Patel, J., Godden, M., Cobb, M., et a (2016). Multiple genetic associations with Irish wolfhound dilated cardiomyopathy. BioMed Research International, 2016.
Singh, A.P., Singh, N. and Mahajan, S.K. (2012). Echocardiography as a definitive diagnostic tool for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 33(2): 94-98.
Sleeper, M.M., Henthorn, P.S., Vijayasarathy, C., Dambach, D.M., Bowers, T., Tijskens, P., et al. (2002). Dilated cardiomyopathy in juvenile Portuguese water dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(1): 52-62.
Smets, P., Daminet, S. and Wess, G. (2014). Simpson's method of discs for measurement of echocardiographic end‐diastolic and end‐systolic left ventricular volumes: breed‐specific reference ranges in Boxer dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(1): 116-122.
Stephenson, H.M., Fonfara, S., Lopez‐Alvarez, J., Cripps, P. and Dukes‐McEwan, J., 2012. Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes in the United Kingdom. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(5): 1140-1147.
Tao, X.Y., Zuo, A.Z., Wang, J.Q. and Tao, F.B. (2016). Effect of primary ovarian insufficiency and early natural menopause on mortality: a meta-analysis. Climacteric, 19(1): 27-36.
Tidholm, A. and Jonsson, L., 1996. Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Newfoundland: a study of 37 cases (1983-1994). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 32(6): 465-470.
Wess, G., Schulze, A., Butz, V., Simak, J., Killich, M., Keller, L.J.M., et al. (2010). Prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers in various age groups. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24(3): 533-538.
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Adin, D., DeFrancesco, T.C., Keene, B., Tou, S., Meurs, K., Atkins, C., et al. (2019). Echocardiographic phenotype of canine dilated cardiomyopathy differs based on diet type. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 21: 1-9.
Baumwart, R.D., Meurs, K.M., Atkins, C.E., Bonagura, J.D., DeFrancesco, T.C., Keene, B.W., et al. (2005). Clinical, echocardiographic, and electrocardiographic abnormalities in Boxers with cardiomyopathy and left ventricular systolic dysfunction: 48 cases (1985–2003). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 226(70): 1102-1104.
Buchanan, J.W. and Bücheler, J. (1995). Vertebral scale system to measure canine heart size in radiographs. Journal-American Veterinary Medical Association, 206: 194-194.
Calvert, C.A. and Wall, M. (2001). Effect of severity of myocardial failure on heart rate variability in Doberman pinschers with and without echocardiographic evidence of dilated cardiomyopathy. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 219(8): 1084-1088.
Calvert, C.A., Chapman Jr, W.L. and Toal, R.L. (1982). Congestive cardiomyopathy in Doberman pinscher dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 181(6): 598-602.
Calvert, C.A., Jacobs, G.J., Smith, D.D., Rathbun, S.L. and Pickus, C.W. (2000). Association between results of ambulatory electrocardiography and development of cardiomyopathy during long-term follow-up of Doberman Pinschers. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 216(1): 34-39.
Cornell, C.C., Kittleson, M.D., Torre, P.D., Häggström, J., Lombard, C.W., Pedersen, H.D., et al. (2004). Allometric scaling of M‐mode cardiac measurements in normal adult dogs. Journal Of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 18(3): 311-321.
Dutton, E., Cripps, P., Helps, S.A.F., Harris, J. and Dukes-McEwan, J. (2022). Echocardiographic reference intervals in healthy UK deerhounds and prevalence of preclinical dilated cardiomyopathy: a prospective, longitudinal study. Journal of Veterinary Cardiology, 40: 142-155.
Freeman, L.M. and Rush, J.E. (2007). Nutrition and cardiomyopathy: lessons from spontaneous animal models. Current Heart Failure Reports, 4(2): 84-90.
Gooding, J.P., Robinson, W.F., Wyburn, R.S. and Cullen, L.K. (1982). A cardiomyopathy in the English Cocker Spaniel: a clinico‐pathological investigation. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 23(3): 133-149.
Gugjoo, M.B., Hoque, M., Saxena, A.C. and Zama, M.M.S. (2013). Radiographic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic features of dilatation cardiomyopathy in dogs. Indian Veterinary Journal, 90(12): 54-56.
Holler, P.J. and Wess, G. (2014). Sphericity index and E‐point‐to‐septal‐separation (EPSS) to diagnose dilated cardiomyopathy in doberman pinschers. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(1): 123-129.
Koch, J., Pedersen, H.D., Jensen, A.L. and Flagstad, A. (1996). M‐mode echocardiographic diagnosis of dilated cardiomyopathy in giant breed dogs. Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A, 43(1‐10): 297-304.
Luciani, M.G., Withoeft, J.A., Mondardo Cardoso Pissetti, H., Pasini de Souza, L., Silvestre Sombrio, M., Bach, E.C., et al. (2019). Vertebral heart size in healthy Australian cattle dog. Anatomia Histologia Embryologia, 48(3): 264-267.
Maron, B.J., Towbin, J.A., Thiene, G., Antzelevitch, C., Corrado, D., Arnett, D., et al. (2006). Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the council on clinical cardiology, heart failure and transplantation committee; quality of care and outcomes research and functional genomics and translational biology interdisciplinary working groups; and council on epidemiology and prevention. Circulation, 113(14): 1807-1816.
Martin, M.W.S., Stafford Johnson, M.J. and Celona, B. (2009). Canine dilated cardiomyopathy: a retrospective study of signalment, presentation and clinical findings in 369 cases. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 50(1): 23-29.
Meurs, K.M., Miller, M.W. and Wright, N.A. (2001). Clinical features of dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes and results of a pedigree analysis: 17 cases (1990–2000). Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, 218(5): 729-732.
Muka, T., Oliver-Williams, C., Kunutsor, S., Laven, J.S., Fauser, B.C., Chowdhury, R., et al. (2016). Association of age at onset of menopause and time since onset of menopause with cardiovascular outcomes, intermediate vascular traits, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA cardiology, 1(7): 767-776.
O’Grady, MR., O’Sullivan. and ML. (2004). Dilated cardiomyopathy: an update. Veterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, 34: 1187-1207.
Okoth, K., Chandan, J.S., Marshall, T., Thangaratinam, S., Thomas, G.N., Nirantharakumar, K. and Adderley, N.J. (2020). Association between the reproductive health of young women and cardiovascular disease in later life: umbrella review. BMJ, 371.
Packer, M. (2016). Cobalt cardiomyopathy: a critical reappraisal in light of a recent resurgence. Circulation: Heart Failure, 9(12): e003604.
Peters, S.A. and Woodward, M. (2018). Women’s reproductive factors and incident cardiovascular disease in the UK Biobank. Heart, 104(13): 1069-1075.
Pinto, Y.M., Elliott, P.M., Arbustini, E., Adler, Y., Anastasakis, A., Böhm, M., et al. (2016). Proposal for a revised definition of dilated cardiomyopathy, hypokinetic non-dilated cardiomyopathy, and its implications for clinical practice: a position statement of the ESC working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. European Heart Journal, 37(23): 1850-1858.
Rosenbaum, A.N., Agre, K.E. and Pereira, N.L. (2020). Genetics of dilated cardiomyopathy: practical implications for heart failure management. Nature Reviews Cardiology, 17(5): 286-297.
Simpson, S., Dunning, M.D., Brownlie, S., Patel, J., Godden, M., Cobb, M., et a (2016). Multiple genetic associations with Irish wolfhound dilated cardiomyopathy. BioMed Research International, 2016.
Singh, A.P., Singh, N. and Mahajan, S.K. (2012). Echocardiography as a definitive diagnostic tool for dilated cardiomyopathy in dogs. Indian Journal of Veterinary Surgery, 33(2): 94-98.
Sleeper, M.M., Henthorn, P.S., Vijayasarathy, C., Dambach, D.M., Bowers, T., Tijskens, P., et al. (2002). Dilated cardiomyopathy in juvenile Portuguese water dogs. Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 16(1): 52-62.
Smets, P., Daminet, S. and Wess, G. (2014). Simpson's method of discs for measurement of echocardiographic end‐diastolic and end‐systolic left ventricular volumes: breed‐specific reference ranges in Boxer dogs. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 28(1): 116-122.
Stephenson, H.M., Fonfara, S., Lopez‐Alvarez, J., Cripps, P. and Dukes‐McEwan, J., 2012. Screening for dilated cardiomyopathy in Great Danes in the United Kingdom. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 26(5): 1140-1147.
Tao, X.Y., Zuo, A.Z., Wang, J.Q. and Tao, F.B. (2016). Effect of primary ovarian insufficiency and early natural menopause on mortality: a meta-analysis. Climacteric, 19(1): 27-36.
Tidholm, A. and Jonsson, L., 1996. Dilated cardiomyopathy in the Newfoundland: a study of 37 cases (1983-1994). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, 32(6): 465-470.
Wess, G., Schulze, A., Butz, V., Simak, J., Killich, M., Keller, L.J.M., et al. (2010). Prevalence of dilated cardiomyopathy in Doberman Pinschers in various age groups. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, 24(3): 533-538.
