The effect of different levels of dietary threonine on performance, carcass characteristics, immune system and blood factors of Japanese quail under heat stress
Subject Areas :
Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Kheirollah Moradi
1
,
hosein Reza Shahbazi
2
1 - M.S. Graduate, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
2 - Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran.
Received: 2020-10-16
Accepted : 2021-03-13
Published : 2021-01-20
Keywords:
performance,
carcass characteristics,
Japanese quail,
Blood factors,
threonine,
Abstract :
The present experiment was performed to compare the effect of different levels of dietary threonine on performance, carcass characteristics and immune system and blood factors in Japanese quailunder heat stress. For the experiment, 300 one-day-old Japanese quail chicks (Coturnix coturnix japonica) were used in a completely randomized design with six levels of threonine in 6 treatments and 5 replications, each replication containing 10 chicks. The percentages of threonine in the diet of the experimental treatments were: 1) 0.82 %, 2) 0.92 %, 3) 1.02 %, 4) 1.12 %, 5) 1.22 % and 6) 1.32 %. The results showed that the increase in body weight and feed conversion ratio improved significantly in treatments 5 and 6 (p < 0.001). Levels of 1.12 and 1.22% of threonine in the diet had a significant effect on carcass percentage (p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the weight of lymphatic organs and the titer of antibodies produced against SRBC (sheep red blood cells) in the treatments (p>0.05). Dietary threonine levels had a significant effect on serum uric acid, HDL (high-density lipoprotein) and LDL (low-density lipoprotein) concentrations (p < 0.05). Liver enzyme levels were not significantly different in any of the treatments (p < 0.05). The results showed that increasing threonine in quail diet up to 1.22% can have beneficial effects on performance and improvement of carcass characteristics under heat stress conditions.
References:
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Ahmadi, M., Ahmadian, A., Poorghasemi, M., Makovicky, P. and Seidavi, A. (2018). Nano-selenium affects on duodenum, jejunum, ileum and coloncharacteristics in chicks: An animal model. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 10(2): 225-229.
Ahmadi, M., Poorghasemi, M., Seidavi, A., Hatzigiannakis, E. and Milis, C. (2019). An optimum level of nano-selenium supplementation of a broiler diet according to the performance, economical parameters, plasma constituents and immunity. Journal of Elementology, 25(3): 1178-1198.
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Barkley, G.R. and Wallis, I.R. (2001). Threonine requirements of broiler chickens: why do published values differ? British Poultry Science, 42(5): 610-615.
Blake, J.P. and Hess, J.B. (2013). Changes in protein level for bobwhite quail. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 22(3): 511-515.
Chen, Y.P., Cheng, Y.F., Li, X.H., Yang, W.L., Wen C., Zhuang, S., et al. (2017). Effects of threonine supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, oxidative status, intestinal integrity, and barrier function of broilers at the early age. Poultry Science, 96(2): 405-413.
Corzo, A., Kidd, M.T., Dozier III, W.A., Pharr, G.T. and Koutsos, E.A. (2007). Dietary threonine needs for growth and immunity of broilers raised under different litter conditions. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16(4): 574-581.
De Basilio, V., Vilarino, M., Yahav, S. and Picard, M. (2001). Early age thermal conditioning and a dual feeding program for male broilers challenged by heat stress. Poultry Science, 80(1): 29-36.
Dozier, W.A., Moran, E.T. and Kidd, M.T. (2000). Threonine requirement of broiler males from 42 to 56 days in a summer environment. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 9(4): 496-500.
Fatemi, M. and Toghyani, M. (2018). Effect of tryptophan supplementation in protein deficient diets on performance, gut development and immune responses in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(1): 101-108.
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Furlan, R.L., Faria Filho, D.E., Rosa, P.S. and Macari, M. (2004). Does low-protein diet improve broiler performance under heat stress conditions? Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9(3): 81-86.
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Khan, A., Nawaz, H. and Zahoor, I. (2006). Effect of different levels of digestible Threonine on growth performance of broiler chicks. Journal Animal Poultry Science, 16(12): 1-2.
Khatibi Shahri, A., Danesh Mesgaran, M. and Zahmatkesh, D. (2018). Rumen fermentation responses to dairy diets differing in protein degradation potential and processed barley grain. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(4): 575-582.
Konashi, S., Takahashi, K. and Akiba, Y. (2000). Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition, 83(04): 449-456.
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Ojano-Dirain, C.P. and Waldroup P.W. (2010). Protein and amino acid needs of broilers in warm weather: A Review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 1(4): 40-46.
Poorghasemi, M., Chamani, M., Mirhosseini, S.Z., Sadeghi, A.A. and Seidavi, A. (2017). Effect of probiotic and different sources of fat on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology and ghrelin gene expression on broiler chickens. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 24(2): 169-178.
Poorghasemi, M., Seidavi, A.R., Qotbi, A.A.A., Chambers, J.R., Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. (2015). Effect of dietary fat source on humoral immunity response of broiler chickens. European Poultry Science, 79(3): 1-8.
Poorghasemi, M., Seidavi, A.R. and Qotbi, A.A.A. (2013). Investigation on fat source effects on broiler chickens performance. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 8(1): 78-82.
Ratriyanto, A. and Indreswari, R.S. (2014). Effects of protein levels and supplementation of methyl group donor on nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chickens in the tropics. International Journal of Poultry Science, 13(10): 575-581.
Rezaeipour, V., Fononi, H. and Irani, M. (2012). Effects of dietary L-threonine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance, intestinal morphology and immune response of broiler chickens. South African Journal of Animal Science, 42(3): 266-273.
Samadi, M.S., Chashnidel, Y., Dirandeh, E. and Deldar, H. (2018). Effects of heat processing of soybeans and linseed on ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation in situ. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(4): 583-589.
Tanure, C., Santoss, J., Oliveira, E., Laboissiere, M., Racanicci, A., Mc Manus, C., et al. (2015). Digestible threonine levels in the starter diet of broilers derived from breeders of different ages. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 17(3): 31-38.
Tenenhouse, H.S. and Deutsch, H.F. (1966). Some physical-chemical properties of chicken gamma-globulins and their pepsin and papain digestion product. Immunochemistry, 3(1): 11-20.
Wajid, A., Ahrar, K., Anjum, A.D. and Zia-ur-rehman, Z. (2002). Effects of induced heat stress on some biochemical values in broiler chicks. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 1560(85): 74-75.
Zaefarian, F., Zaghari, M. and Shivazad, M. (2008). The threonine requirements and its effects on growth performance and gut morphology of broiler chicken fed different levels of protein. Journal of Poultry Science, 7(12): 1207-1215.
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Acar, N., Barbato, G.F. and Patterson, P.H. (2001). The effect of feeding excess methionine on live performance carcass traits, and Ascitic mortality. Poultry Science, 80(11): 1585-1989.
Ahmadi, M., Ahmadian, A., Poorghasemi, M., Makovicky, P. and Seidavi, A. (2018). Nano-selenium affects on duodenum, jejunum, ileum and coloncharacteristics in chicks: An animal model. International Journal of Nano Dimension, 10(2): 225-229.
Ahmadi, M., Poorghasemi, M., Seidavi, A., Hatzigiannakis, E. and Milis, C. (2019). An optimum level of nano-selenium supplementation of a broiler diet according to the performance, economical parameters, plasma constituents and immunity. Journal of Elementology, 25(3): 1178-1198.
Baylan, M., Canogullari, S., Ayasan, T. and Sahin, A. (2006). Dietary threonine supplementation for improving growth performance and edible carcass parts in Japanese quails, Coturnix coturnix Japonica. International Journal of Poultry Science, 5(7): 635-638.
Barkley, G.R. and Wallis, I.R. (2001). Threonine requirements of broiler chickens: why do published values differ? British Poultry Science, 42(5): 610-615.
Blake, J.P. and Hess, J.B. (2013). Changes in protein level for bobwhite quail. Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 22(3): 511-515.
Chen, Y.P., Cheng, Y.F., Li, X.H., Yang, W.L., Wen C., Zhuang, S., et al. (2017). Effects of threonine supplementation on the growth performance, immunity, oxidative status, intestinal integrity, and barrier function of broilers at the early age. Poultry Science, 96(2): 405-413.
Corzo, A., Kidd, M.T., Dozier III, W.A., Pharr, G.T. and Koutsos, E.A. (2007). Dietary threonine needs for growth and immunity of broilers raised under different litter conditions. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 16(4): 574-581.
De Basilio, V., Vilarino, M., Yahav, S. and Picard, M. (2001). Early age thermal conditioning and a dual feeding program for male broilers challenged by heat stress. Poultry Science, 80(1): 29-36.
Dozier, W.A., Moran, E.T. and Kidd, M.T. (2000). Threonine requirement of broiler males from 42 to 56 days in a summer environment. The Journal of Applied Poultry Research, 9(4): 496-500.
Fatemi, M. and Toghyani, M. (2018). Effect of tryptophan supplementation in protein deficient diets on performance, gut development and immune responses in broiler chickens. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(1): 101-108.
Feizi, A., Dadian, F. and Asadzadehmajdi, S. (2011). The effect of heat stress on some blood parameters, biochemical values and humoral immunity in broiler chickens. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 6(3): 1621-1627. [In Persian]
Fernanda Peralta, M.F., Nilson, A.J. and Miazzo, R.D. (2018). Effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae association with threonine on productive performance in broilers. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(4): 677-684.
Furlan, R.L., Faria Filho, D.E., Rosa, P.S. and Macari, M. (2004). Does low-protein diet improve broiler performance under heat stress conditions? Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 9(3): 81-86.
Khalkhali, A., Hamedi, S. and Paryani, M. (2019). Effect of methionine deficiency on small intestinal histology in Japanese quail. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 13(4): 341-352. [In Persian]
Khan, A., Nawaz, H. and Zahoor, I. (2006). Effect of different levels of digestible Threonine on growth performance of broiler chicks. Journal Animal Poultry Science, 16(12): 1-2.
Khatibi Shahri, A., Danesh Mesgaran, M. and Zahmatkesh, D. (2018). Rumen fermentation responses to dairy diets differing in protein degradation potential and processed barley grain. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(4): 575-582.
Konashi, S., Takahashi, K. and Akiba, Y. (2000). Effects of dietary essential amino acid deficiencies on immunological variables in broiler chickens. British Journal of Nutrition, 83(04): 449-456.
Mao, X., Zeng, X., Qiao, S., Wu, G. and Li, D. (2011). Specific roles of threonine in intestinal mucosal integrity and barrier function. Frontiers in Bioscience, 3(4): 1192-1200.
Moghaddam, H.S., Moghaddam, H.N., Kermanshahi, H., Mosavi, A.H. and Raji, A. (2011). The effect of threonine on mucin2 gene expression, intestinal histology and performance of broiler chicken. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 10(2): 66-71.
Nalini, K., Kumar, K.A. and Gahlot, A.K. (2008). Ambient temperature associated variations in serum hormones and interrelated analytes of broiler chickens in arid tract. Slovenian Veterinary Research, 45(4): 127-34.
National Research Council (1994). Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th ed., USA: National Academy Press, Washington. D.C., pp: 96-155.
Nikpiran, N., Manafi, H. and Vahdatpour, T. (2018). The effects of active and inactivate Saccharomyces cerevisiae and their combination on performance, antioxidant. Journal of Veterinary Clinical Pathology, 12(47): 193-203. [In Persian]
Ojano-Dirain, C.P. and Waldroup P.W. (2010). Protein and amino acid needs of broilers in warm weather: A Review. International Journal of Poultry Science, 1(4): 40-46.
Poorghasemi, M., Chamani, M., Mirhosseini, S.Z., Sadeghi, A.A. and Seidavi, A. (2017). Effect of probiotic and different sources of fat on performance, carcass characteristics, intestinal morphology and ghrelin gene expression on broiler chickens. Kafkas Universitesi Veteriner Fakultesi Dergisi, 24(2): 169-178.
Poorghasemi, M., Seidavi, A.R., Qotbi, A.A.A., Chambers, J.R., Laudadio, V. and Tufarelli, V. (2015). Effect of dietary fat source on humoral immunity response of broiler chickens. European Poultry Science, 79(3): 1-8.
Poorghasemi, M., Seidavi, A.R. and Qotbi, A.A.A. (2013). Investigation on fat source effects on broiler chickens performance. Research Journal of Biotechnology, 8(1): 78-82.
Ratriyanto, A. and Indreswari, R.S. (2014). Effects of protein levels and supplementation of methyl group donor on nutrient digestibility and performance of broiler chickens in the tropics. International Journal of Poultry Science, 13(10): 575-581.
Rezaeipour, V., Fononi, H. and Irani, M. (2012). Effects of dietary L-threonine and Saccharomyces cerevisiae on performance, intestinal morphology and immune response of broiler chickens. South African Journal of Animal Science, 42(3): 266-273.
Samadi, M.S., Chashnidel, Y., Dirandeh, E. and Deldar, H. (2018). Effects of heat processing of soybeans and linseed on ruminal fatty acid biohydrogenation in situ. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science, 8(4): 583-589.
Tanure, C., Santoss, J., Oliveira, E., Laboissiere, M., Racanicci, A., Mc Manus, C., et al. (2015). Digestible threonine levels in the starter diet of broilers derived from breeders of different ages. Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science, 17(3): 31-38.
Tenenhouse, H.S. and Deutsch, H.F. (1966). Some physical-chemical properties of chicken gamma-globulins and their pepsin and papain digestion product. Immunochemistry, 3(1): 11-20.
Wajid, A., Ahrar, K., Anjum, A.D. and Zia-ur-rehman, Z. (2002). Effects of induced heat stress on some biochemical values in broiler chicks. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 1560(85): 74-75.
Zaefarian, F., Zaghari, M. and Shivazad, M. (2008). The threonine requirements and its effects on growth performance and gut morphology of broiler chicken fed different levels of protein. Journal of Poultry Science, 7(12): 1207-1215.
