The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Scrophularia striata on the changes of testis tissue in hypercholesterolemic rats

Subject Areas : Veterinary Clinical Pathology

Ayub  Mahdavi ¹ (Graduate of Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.)
Ali Mohammad  Bahrami ² (Associate Professor, Department of Histology and Microbiology, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.)
Shahnaz  Yousefizadeh ³ (Assistant Professor, Department of Laboratory and Clinical Sciences, School of Paramedical Sciences, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran.)

Received: 2020-10-15 Accepted : 2021-02-13 Published : 2021-01-20

Keywords: Rat, Hypercholesterolemia, Scrophularia striata, Testicle,

Abstract :

Hypercholesterolemia can caused infertility with producing side effects such as the production of free radicals.One of these useful herbal remedies Scrophularia striata which native name is Tashnehdari.This study aimed to investigate the effect of Scrophularia striata extracts on histomorphometric changes of testicular tissue in rats fed a high-calorie diet. In this experimental study, 32 male rats were assigned into 4 groups including control, diet induced hypercholesterolemia (DIH), DIH+S. striata (400 mg/kg) and S.striata group: The animals in this group first received a normal diet for 4 weeks and then were fed with the extract of Scrophularia striata (400 mg /kg) for 4 weeks by the above method. At the end of the period, the rats were first anesthetized with a ketamine-xylazine combination, and after taking blood from the heart to measure blood cholesterol levels, it was euthanized and the right testicles of all animals were isolated and transferred to a tissue laboratory for tissue smear preparation and histomorphometric study. Data were analyzed by SPSS16. The results showed that after consuming a high-calorie diet in the DIH group, body weight, testicular weight, and blood cholesterol level increased significantly compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Also consuming a high-fat diet reduces the number of spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, and spermatozoid in the DIH groups. After consuming Scrophularia striata, a relative increase in the number of the above cells was observed in the DIH + Scrophularia striata group (p < 0.05). Therefore, oral consumption of Scrophularia striata following a high-calorie diet can have a protective effects

References:

• Abbasi, Z., Fatemi Tabatabaei, S.R., Mazaheri, Y., Barati, F. and Morovvati, H. (2013). Effects of sesame oil on the reproductive parameters of diabetes mellitus-induced male rats. The World Journal of Men's Health, 31(2): 141-149.


• Adesanya Olamide, A., Oluyemi Kayode, A., Ofusori David, O., Omotuyi Idowu, U., Okwuonu Christina, O., Ukwenya Victor. A., et al. (2007). Micromorphometric and stereological effects of ethanolic extracts of Garcinia cambogia seeds on the testes and epididymides of adult Wistar rats. The Internet Journal of Alternative Medicine, 5(1): 1-9.


• Amin, A. and Hamza, A.A. (2006). Effects of Roselle and Ginger on cisplatin-induced reproductive toxicity in rats. Asian Journal of Andrology, 8(5): 607-612.


• Ashamu, E., Salawu, E., Oyewo, O., Alhassan, A., Alamu, O. and Adegok, A. (2010). Efficacy of vitamin C and ethanolic extract of Sesamum indicum in promoting fertility in male wistar rats. Journal of Human Reproductive. Sciences, 3­(1): 11-14.


• Attar, F., Keshvari, A., Ghahreman, A., Zarre, Sh. and Aghabeigi, F. (2007). Micromorphological studies on Verbascum (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran with emphasis on seed surface, capsule ornamentation and trichomes. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 202(2): 169-175.


• Bancroft, J.D. and Gamble, M. (2011). Theory and practice of histological techniques. 6th ed., Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone Elsevier, pp: 126-139.


• Campos-Silva, P., Furriel, A., Costa, W.S., Sampaio, F.J. and Gregorio, B.M. (2015). Metabolic and testicular effects of the long-term administration of different high-fat diets in adult rats. International Brazilian Journal of Urology, 41(3): 569-575.


• Chitra, K.C. and Premendu, M. (2004). Vitamin E prevent nonylphenol-induced oxidative stress in testes of rats. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 42(2): 220-223.


• Cooper, T.G. and Handelsman D.J. (2013). Falling sperm counts and global oestrogenic pollution: postscript. Asian Journal of Andrology, 15: 208-211.


• Davis, H.R., Pula, K.K., Alton, K.B., Burrier, R.E. and Watkins, R.W. (2001). The synergistic hypocholesterolemic activity of the potent cholesterol absorption inhibitor, ezetimibe, in combination with3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors in dogs. Metabolism, 50(10): 1234-1241.


• Dupont, C., Faure, C., Sermondade, N., Boubaya, M., Eustache, F., Clément, P., et al. (2013). Obesity leads to higher risk of sperm DNA damage in infertile patients. Asian Journal of Andrology, 15(5): 622.


• Drew, B.S., Dixon, A.F. and Dixon, J.B. (2007). Obesity management: update on orlistat. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 3(6): 817-821.


• Ezi, S., Hosseini, M., Hassanzadeh-Taheri, M., Jahani, F., Afshar, M. and Hassanzadeh-Taheri M.M. (2016). Effects of tail fat enriched diet on male Wistar rat reproductive system. Journal of Birjand University of Medical Sciences, 23(1): 1-10. [In Persian]


• Fatemi tabatabaei, SR., Shahriari, A., and Abaszadeh, M. (2012). Effect of Vitamin C on the Obesity Indices of High Fat Fed Diet Rats. Jundishapur Scientific Medical Journal, 13(1): 31-42. [In Persian]


• Farokhi, F. and Riazi, S. (2018). The Effect of alcoholic extract of Anethum graveolens seed on the changes of testis tissue, sperm parameters in hypercholesterolemic male rats. Arak Medical University Journal, 20(127): 74-89. [In Persian]


• Ferdowsi, Sh., Hooshmandi, Z. and Shahmoradi, E. (2017). The effect of Scrophularia striata hydroalcoholic extract in the prevention of gastric ulcers induced by indomethacin in rats. Journal of Animal Biology, 9(4): 79-90. [In Persian]


• Finaud, J., Lac, G. and Filaire, E. (2006). Oxidative stress: Relationship with exercise and training. Sports Medicine, 36(4): 327-358.


• Forat Yazdi, M., Giahi Yazdi, M. and Sorbi, M.H. (2017). Effects of Artemisia dracunculus essential oil on blood lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic rat.Journal of Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, 25(6): 426-35.


• Frayn, K.N. (2002). Adipose tissue as a buffer for daily lipid flux. Diabetologia, 45(9): 1201-1210.


• Friedler, S., Raziel, A., Strassburger, D., Schachter, M., Soffer, Y. and Ron-El, R. (2002). Factors influencing the outcome of ICSI in patients with obstructive andnon-obstructive azoospermia: a comparative study. Human Reproduction, 17(12): 3114-3121.


• Hammoud, A.O., Gibson, M., Peterson, C.M., Meikle, A.W. and Carrell, D.T. (2008). Impact of male obesity on infertility: a critical review of the current literature. Fertility and Sterility, 90(4): 897-904.


• Hamzavi Jahromi, Z., Zolghadri Jahromi, S., Hemayatkhah Jahromi, V., Kargar Jahromi, H. and Erfanian, S. (2014). Protective effects of curcumin against gamma-radiation on rats. Hormozgan Medical Journal, 18(2): 121-131. [In Persian]


• Jensen, T.K., Andersson, A.M., Jørgensen, N., Andersen, A.G., Carlsen, E. and Skakkebæk, N.E. (2004). Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormonesamong 1,558 Danish men. Fertility and Sterility, 82(4): 863-870.


• Jensen, T.K., Heitmann, B.L., Jensen, M.B., Halldorsson, T.I., Andersson, A.M., Skakkebæk, N., et al. (2013). High dietary intake of saturated fat is associated with reduced semen quality among 701 young Danish men from the general population. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 97(2): 411-418.


• John, A.R. (2013). Falling sperm counts twenty years on: where are we now? Asian Journal of Andrology, 15(2): 204.


• Kianbakht, S. and Dabaghian, F.H. (2013). Improved glycemic control and lipid profile in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients consuming Salvia officinalis L. leaf extract: A randomized placebo. Controlled clinical trial. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 21(5): 441-446.


• Lakhan, S.E. and Vieira, K.F. (2010). Nutritional and herbal supplements for anxiety and anxiety-related disorders: systematic review. Nutrition Journal, 9(1): 42-55.


• Levi, A.J., Fisher, A.M., Hughes, L. and Hendry, W.F. (1979). Male infertility due to sulphasalazine. Lancet, 2(8137): 276-278.


• Lombardo, F., Sansone, A., Romanelli, F., Paoli, D., Gandini, L. and Lenzi, A. (2011). The role of antioxidant therapy in the treatment of male infertility: an overview. Asian Journal of Andrology, 13(5): 690-697.


• Magnusdottir, E.V., Thorsteinsson, T., Thorsteinsdottir, S., Heimisdottir, M. and Olafsdottir, K. (2005).Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and human male subfertility. Human Reproduction, 20(1): 208-215.


• Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. (1991). Antifertility effects of beta-sitosterol in male albino rats. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 35(2): 149-153.


• Mosallanejad, B., Avizeh, R., Razi Jalali, M. and Jahanmardi, A. (2016). Comparative evaluation of garlic and atorvastatin effects on lipid profiles changes in dog.Iranian Veterinary Journal, 12(2): 93-102.


• Oluyemi Kayode, A., Jimoh Olusegun, R., Adesanya Olamide, A., Omotuyi Idowu, O., Josiah Sunday, J. and Oyesola Tolulope, O. (2007). Effects of crude ethanolic extract of Garcinia cambogia on the reproductive system of male Wistar rats (Rattus novergicus). African Journal of Biotechnology, 6(10): 1236-1238.


• Pan, M., Song, Y.L., Xu, J.M. and Gan, H.Z. (2006). Melatonin ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver induced by high-fat diet in rats. Journal of Pineal Research, 41(1):79- 84.


• Park, S.U., Park, N., Kim, Y.K., Suh, S.Y., Eom, S.H. and Lee, S.Y. (2009). Application of plant biotechnology in the medicinal plant. Rehmannia glutinosa Liboschitz. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 3(13):1258-1263.


• Ramlau-Hansen, C.H., Hansen, M., Jensen, C.R., Olsen, J., Bonde, J.P. and Thulstrup, A.M. (2010). Semen quality and reproductive hormones according to birthweight and body mass index in childhood and adult life: two decades of follow-up. Fertility and Sterility, 94(2): 610-618.


• Rudkhaneei, K., Aghajaninasab, M., Abbasi, M. and Mohammadghasemi, F. (2016). Effect of apple vinegar in spermatogenesis and serum total antioxidant status in rats under high fat diet. Scientific Journal of Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, 2(3): 249-258. [In Persian]


• Sainath, S.B., Meena, R., Supriya, C.H., Reddy, K.P. and Reddy, P.S. (2011). Protective role of Centella asiatica on lead-induced oxidative stress and suppressed reproductive health in male rats.Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 32(2): 146-154.


• Srinivasan, K. and Ramarao, P. (2007). Animal models in type 2 diabetes research: an overview. The Indian Journal of Medical Research, 125(3): 451-472.


• Vargas, A.J. and Burd, R. (2010). Hormesis and synergy: pathways and mechanisms of quercetin in cancer prevention and management. Nutrition Reviews, 68(7): 418-428.


• Yan, W.J., Mu, Y., Yu, N., Yi, T.L., Zhang, Y., Pang, X.L., et al. (2015). Protective effects of metformin on zreproductive function in obese male rats induced by high-fat diet. Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics, 32(7): 1097-1104.


• Yazdanparast, R. and Alavi, M. (2001). Anti hyperlipidaemic and hypercholesterolaemic effects of Anethum graveolens leaves after the removal of furocoumarins. Cytobios, 105(410): 185-191.


• Yeh, Y.Y. and Liu, L. (2001). Cholesterol-lowering effect of garlic extracts and organosulfur compounds: human and animal studies. The Journal of nutrition, 131(3): 989S-993S.


• Zaheri, M., Ebrahimi vosta calai, S. and Cheraghi, J. (2011).  Protective effect of aerial parts extract of Scrophularia striata on cadmium and mecury induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Journal of Babol University of Medical Sciences, 13(4): 48-53. [In Persian]

·                         Li, Y., Liu, L.,Wang, B., Xiong, J., Li, Q. and Chen, D. (2013). Impairment of reproductive function in a male rat model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and beneficial effect of N-3 fatty acid supplementation. Toxicology Letters, 222(2): 224-232.